• Title/Summary/Keyword: Formula weight

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Longitudinal Study of Growth, Energy and Protein Metabolism of Korean Breast Fed and Formula Fed Infants from 1 to 3 Postpartum Months (모유영양아와 인공영양아의 성장과 에너지 및 단백질대사에 관한 종단적 연구)

  • 구재옥;최경숙;김원경
    • Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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    • v.1 no.1
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    • pp.47-60
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    • 1996
  • This study was carried out to investigate growth performance, energy and protein metabolism of breast and formula fed infants from birth to 3 months postpartum. There were four groups : breast fed(BF) and three formula fed groups(FFM, FFN and FFP). There was no significant difference in the height of infants according to feeding method and formula brands. However, mean weight of FFM was significantly higher than that of FFP and BF at 1 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. Mean head circumference of FFN was lowest among groups. The average intake of breast milk was $781.4{\;}{pm}{\;}119.3m{\ell}/day$ and that of formula was $848.6{\;}{pm}{\;}118.5m{\ell}/day$. Mean apparent digestible energy intakes of formula-fed infants and breast-fed infants during 3months were 568.9 $\pm$146.9 kca1/day and 657.9$\pm$212.8 kca1/day, respectively. The average protein intake of brest-fed and formula-fed infants were 8.3$\pm$1.6g/day and 14.1$\pm$14.1 g/day, respectively. The protein intakes of formula-fed infants were significantly higher than those of breast-fed infants at 1, 2, 3 months. The apparent protein digestibility of breast-fed infants was singnificantly higher compared to formula fed infant. These data suggest that RDA for infants be established and breast feeding be encouraged.

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The Clinical Study on the Case of Patient with Amenorrhea after Obesity Treatment (비만치료(肥滿治療) 후(後) 발생(發生)한 무월경(無月經) 환자에 대한 임상적 고찰)

  • Song, Mi-Seon;Lim, Eun-Mee
    • Herbal Formula Science
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.192-200
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    • 2006
  • Women with moderate weight loss have secondary or primary amenorrhea. The amenorrhea. which is usually reversible with weight gain, decreased exercise. or both, is due to hypothalamic dysfunction. But 30% of amenorrheic women with weight gain is irreversible. Recently we experienced one case of secondary amenorrhea with severe weight loss, as oriental medicine treatment secondary amenorrhea is cured, so report a medical treatment course and result.

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Hydraulic Model Test for Armor Stability of Rubble-Mound Breakwaters (경사식방파제의 피복재 안정성에 대한 비교 실험)

  • 이종인
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.249-258
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    • 2003
  • In this study, the stability of armor blocks of rubble-mound breakwaters is investigated based on the 2-dimensional hydraulic model test with irregular waves. Amor blocks were used the three types; rock, cube and tetrapod. And Hudson formula and van der Meer formula which are used for calculating the weight of armor blocks are considered. Hudson formula was developed from regular wave tests, while van der Meer formula was developed from irregular wave tests. The purpose of this paper is to compare and test two selected stability formulas using the experimental data.

Assessment of Daily steps, Activity coefficient, Body composition, Resting Energy Expenditure and Daily Energy Expenditure in Female University Students (여대생의 1일 보행수, 활동계수, 신체조성, 휴식대사량 및 에너지 소비량의 평가)

  • Choe, Hyeon-Jeong;Song, Ju-Mi;Kim, Eun-Gyeong
    • Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.159-169
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    • 2005
  • The purpose of this study was to assess the energy expenditure and investigate the relationship between related variables in 70 female university students. Resting energy expenditure estimated by Harris-Benedict formula, WHO/NAO/FAO formula and various formulas based on body weight and body surface area were 1366.9$\pm$74.4kcal/day, 1287.8$\pm$106.6kcal/day, 1171.4$\pm$155.8kcal/day and 1342.0$\pm$97.4kcal/day. Measured resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry(Model : Metavine and TrueOne2400) were 1582.0$\pm$150.1kcal/day and 1268.2$\pm$152.9kcal/day, respectively. Average step number per day was 11981.2$\pm$3014.4 steps and average step number per hour was 746.1$\pm$198.0 steps/hr. Daily energy expenditure by using Harris-Benedict formula, body weight formula, body surface area formula, WHO/NAO.FAO formula and 15-min check list formula were 2374.7$\pm$249.6kcal, 2033.5$\pm$313.2kcal, 2331.2$\pm$266.0kcal, 2240.8$\pm$185.5kcal and 2195.5$\pm$398.3kcal. Meanwhile energy intake of subjects was 1714.9$\pm$551.2 kcal. Daily energy expenditure has positive correlation(r=0.262) with daily step number. And there was significant positive correlations(r=0.35-0.68) between various daily energy expenditures and muscle mass. These results suggested that increase of daily step number by using pedometer is good method to increase daily energy expenditure. In particular, increase in step number can reinforce the amounts of muscle.

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Safety of a New Synbiotic Starter Formula

  • Vandenplas, Yvan;Analitis, Antonis;Tziouvara, Chara;Kountzoglou, Athina;Drakou, Anastasia;Tsouvalas, Manos;Mavroudi, Antigoni;Xinias, Ioannis
    • Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.167-177
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: Breastfeeding is the best way to feed all infants, but not all infants can be (exclusively) breastfed. Cow's milk based infant formula is the second choice infant feeding. Methods: The safety of a new synbiotic infant formula, supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides, with lactose and a whey/casein 60/40 protein ratio was tested in 280 infants during 3 months. Results: The median age of the infants at inclusion was 0.89 months. Weight evolution was in accordance with the World Health Organization growth charts for exclusive breastfed infants. The evolution of all anthropometric parameters (weight-for-length z score and body mass index-for-age z score) was within the normal range. The incidence of functional constipation (3.2%), daily regurgitation (10.9%), infantile crying and colic (10.5%) were all significantly lower than the reported median prevalence for a similar age according to literature (median value of 7.8% for functional constipation, 26.7% for regurgitation, 17.7% for infantile colic). Conclusion: The new synbiotic infant starter formula was safe, resulted in normal growth and was well tolerated. Functional gastro-intestinal manifestations (functional constipation, regurgitation and colic) were significantly lower than reported in literature. Synbiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis and fructo-oligosaccharides) in cow's milk based infant formula bring the second choice infant feeding, formula, closer to the golden standard, exclusive breastfeeding.

Studies on the Characteristics of Humic Acid and its Utilizations. (II) Characteristics of humic acid (Molecular weight, molecular and rational formula. Structure) (土炭흄酸의 性狀및 應用에 關한 硏究 (第 2 報) 흄酸의 性狀)

  • Won Taik Kim
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.56-61
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    • 1969
  • By the chemical procedure and infra-red spectroscopy, the characteristics of humic acid were studied. The results were as follows: 1. Molecular weight. 5,200. 2. Molecular formula. $C_{240}H_{250}O_{120}N_{1O}$. 3. Rational formula. 4. Confirmation of the accurate structure of humic acid is beyond us nowadays. The structure is speculated that it may be a kind of condensed polymer of many benzene kerns in which above mentioned various functional groups are attached. Also some part of the large quantities of oxygen would be furan type carbonyl and aliphatic ethereal forms.

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Postpartum Changes in Maternal Diet, Body Fat and Antropometric Measurements in Lactating vs Nonlactating Women (수유부와 비수유부의 섭식과 체지방 및 인체계측의 비교 연구)

  • 이금주
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.76-88
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    • 1993
  • Maternal body weight, skinfold thickness and circumference measurements were examined in 23 lactating women and 10 nonlactating women longitudinally from 1 week to 12 weeks postpartum. The dietary intakes of Korean lactating and nonlactating women were measured by 24-hour recall method and effects of maternal energy intake on body weight change were analyzed by Pearson correlation. The mean daily energy intake of breast-feeding(BF, n=12), combination of breast and formula-feeding (CF, n=11), and formula-feeding (FF, n=10) mothers were 1941kcal, 187kcal and 1727kcal, respectively. A significant decrease in weight was observed at all group. Weight losses at 12 weeks of postpartum in BF, CF and FF motheres were 3.18kg, 3.91kg and 5.15kg respectively. Weight losses increased as calorie intake decreased (${\gamma}$2=0.3803, p<0.05). The skinfold thickness and circumferences on all regions were decreased significantly except triceps and upper arm circumferences. However, there were no significant differences between lactating and nonlactating women. Anthropometric measurements decreased at the trunk but not at the limbs. Weight change was significantly correlated with changes of the scores for proximal circumference (${\gamma}$2=0.4999, p<0.05). There results suggest that lactation does not promete weight loss in well-nourished women and that the Korean RDA for energy in lactation may be too high.

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CODES OVER POLYNOMIAL RINGS AND THEIR PROJECTIONS

  • Park, Young Ho
    • Korean Journal of Mathematics
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.385-397
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    • 2009
  • We study codes over the polynomial ring ${\mathbb{F}}_q[D]$ and their projections to the finite rings ${\mathbb{F}}_q[D]/(D^m)$ and the weight enumerators of self-dual codes over these rings. We also give the formula for the number of codewords of minimum weight in the projections.

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Calculation of Stress Intensity Factor KI Using the Exact Solution in an Infinitely Deep Crack in a Half-Plane (반 무한 평판에 존재하는 반 무한 균열에서 엄밀 해를 이용한 응력확대계수 계산)

  • An, Deuk Man
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.7-11
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    • 2017
  • In this study, we develop the exact field of mode I in an infinitely deep crack in a half-plane. Using this field, we obtain the exact stress intensity factor $K_{I}$. From the tractions on the crack faces induced by exact field, we calculate the stress intensity factor of this field. We compare the results with the stress intensity factor calculated using Bueckner's weight function formula and that calculated by using Tada's formula listed in "The Stress Analysis of Cracks Handbook" It was found that Bueckner's formula yields accurate results. However, the results obtained using Tada's formula exhibit inaccurate behavior.

Design and Manufacture of a Hand-made Vehicle Based on a Formula (포뮬러 형태의 자작자동차 설계 및 제작)

  • Lee, Soo Jin;Jeong, Wonsun;Kim, Geunbi;Kim, Seong Keol
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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    • v.24 no.5
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    • pp.568-575
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    • 2015
  • A hand-made vehicle with a formula (VF-1) was designed and manufactured with the aim of realizing a lightweight and high-performance vehicle. The driver's body weight and stiffness of the frame were considered. The vehicle was equipped with a one-cylinder Exiv 250 engine with intake manifold potting for realizing weight reduction, high performance, and low cost. The suspension system for the formula was designed through the analyses and tests of vehicle motion and equipment. In a steering system, anti-Ackerman geometry was introduced to increase the transverse force during cornering. A full electric paddle shift system was adopted to decrease the braking distance. For protection against the distortion and warping of the frame, tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding technology was used.