• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.114-124
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• 1998

The effect of matrix phase (austenite, pearlite, martensite) on the low stress abrasion resistance in the chromium-carbide-type high Cr white iorn hardfacing weld deposites has been investigated. In order to examine matrix phase, a series of alloys with different matrix phase by changing the ratio of Cr/C system by heat treatment were employed. The alloys were deposited twice on a mild steel plate using self-shielding flux cored arc welding process. The low stress abrasion resistance of the alloys against sands was measured by the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test(RWAT). Even though formation of pearlite phase in the matrix showed higher hardness than that of austenite, there was no observable difference in wear resistance between the pearlite and austenite phase for the same amount of chromium-carbide in the matrix. On the other hand, the formation of martensitic phase,, from heat treated austenitic alloys (high content of Cr), enhanced wear resistance due to its fine secondary precipitates.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 2005년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.311-312
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• 2005

The precipitation of U(VI) in the presence of phosphate and carbonate was investigated in the pH range of 4 to 13 and the following was obtained as a result of this experimental condition. U(VI) precipitates as a $NaUO_{2}PO_{4}$ at pH<9 but as mixtures of phosphate, hydroxides and/or carbonate at pH>9. The portion of the phosphate in the precipitate decreases almost linearly to near zero with an increasing pH in the range of 9 to 13. The U(VI) phosphate is dissolved by the carbonate complex formation at pH<10.5. The ternary complex of a carbonate and phosphate is not found.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.29-35
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• 1994

The microstructual refinement process of Al-5Cr-2Zr alloys mechanical alloying 30h can be divided in five stages ; initial stage, welding predomminance stage, spherical partical formation stage, convolution welding predominance stage, and steady state. The rate of structural of aluminium splats was roughly logarithmic with processing time ; ${\in}$=k/0.78 ln(1+0.0028t). The age hardening in rapidly solidified Al-5Cr-2Zr alloys is ascribed to the coherency and dispersion hardening. Coherency hardening is occurred by matastable cubic Al3Zr precipitates in Al-Cr-Zr alloys. Dispersion hardening after mechanical alloying is attributed to the finely-dispersed $Al_2O_3$ and $Al_4C_3$ in Al-5Cr-2Zr alloys.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.265-273
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• 2013

Ti-stabilized 11 wt% Cr ferritic stainless steels (FSSs) for automotive exhaust systems have been experienced intergranular corrosion (IC) in some heat-affected zone (HAZ). The effects of sensitizing heat-treatment and silicon on IC were studied. Time-Temperature-Sensitization (TTS) curves showed that sensitization to IC was observed at the steels heat-treated at the temperature lower than $650^{\circ}C$ and that silicon improved IC resistance. The sensitization was explained by chromium depletion theory, where chromium is depleted by precipitation of chromium carbide during sensitizing heat-treatment. It was confirmed with the results from the analysis of precipitates as well as the thermodynamical prediction of stable phases. In addition, the role of silicon on IC was explained with the stabilization of grain boundary. In other words, silicon promoted the formation of the grain boundaries with low energy where precipitation was suppressed and consequently, the formation of Cr-depleted zone was retarded. The effect of silicon on the formation of grain boundaries with low energy was proved by the analysis of coincidence site lattice (CSL) grain boundary, which is a typical grain boundary with low energy.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2008

The objective of this paper is to review the magnetic and magneto-transport properties of Co/$Co_2TiSn$ consisting of two metallic magnetic phases that are antiferromagnetically exchange-coupled at the phase boundary. The bulk Co/$Co_2TiSn$ system, which has a $Co_2$TiSn Heusler alloy precipitates in the hexagonal Co matrix, showed an unusual coercivity change with a concurrent change in temperature, and was modeled on the basis of a wall formation caused by exchange coupling at the phase boundary. For measurements of magneto-transport properties, Co/$Co_2TiSn$ thin films that had two-magnet phases were deposited using a magnetron sputtering system with a composite target. The magnetization process in the films is also explained on the basis of the model of wall formation at the phase boundary. Annealed Co/$Co_2TiSn$ films showed a 0.12% GMR effect, indicating the scattering of polarized conduction electrons due to the antiparallel exchange coupling at the phase boundary. The scattering process of conduction electrons at the phase boundary was modeled with relation to the magnetization process.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2019

폐수내 질소와 인을 이용한 struvite 회수는 수계 부영양화 방지 및 비료자원화에 효과적인 기술이나, 해결해야 할 이론 및 기술적 문제점이 있다. 본 연구에서는, 기존 문헌의 상세한 검토를 통하여, 이론적 측면에서 적절한 반응식 선정 및 이론적 고찰을 이용한 struvite 생성 반응예측 가능성을 논의하고, 기술적 측면에서는 struvite 생성의 대표적인 저해물질인 Ca의 배제를 통해 struvite 결정의 순도를 높일 수 있는 효과적인 방법을 소개하려 한다. 반응예측 측면에서는 중성~염기성 pH 영역에서 효과적인 struvite 반응식 및 반응계수를 이용, 정량적 모델을 구축할 수 있다. 이러한 모델은 실제 회분식 실험결과와 잘 일치하며 특히 이온들의 charge balance도 함께 고려하여 struvite 생성시 희석된 수용액에서 흔히 동반되는 pH 저하를 합리적으로 예측할 수 있다. 한편, Ca의 배제를 통한 struvite 순도 향상은 ${HPO_4}^{2-}-P$ 대비 고농도의 ${NH_4}^+-N$을 조성하여 해결할 수 있는데, 이는 고농도 암모늄 이온의 존재가 struvite 생성 관련 열역학적 구동력을 강화시켜 인산염이 Ca 대신 고농도 암모니아와 용이하게 반응하여 struvite 생성에 유리한 이온환경을 조성하기 때문이다. 즉 인산염이 $Ca^{2+}$과 빠르게 반응하여 이미 침전물이 형성하였을지라도, 고동도 암모늄으로 인한 열역학적 구동력으로 인산-칼슘 침전물이 재용해 되어 struvite를 생성시킬 수 있다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1993

본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는, 유기(有機)리간드-중금속(重金屬) 착염형성(錯鹽形成) 원리(原理)를 적용(適用)하여 수용액(水溶液) 중(中) 중금속(重金屬)을 제거(除去)하는 방법(方法)을 연구(硏究)하는 일환(一環)으로, 침전형성(沈澱形成) 반응(反應)에 미치는 중금속(重金屬)의 농도(濃度), pH 및 온도(溫度)의 효과(效果)를 조사(調査)하였다. 부숙(腐熟)된 퇴비(堆肥)로부터 추출한 부식산(腐植酸)과 훌브산(酸)을 중금속(重金屬) 수용액(水溶液)과 반응시켜 침전(沈澱)시키고, 복합체(複合體)를 여과법(濾過法)에 의해 분리(分離)하여 중금속(重金屬)의 제거효율(除去效率)를 측정했다. 상대(相對) 리간드가 부식산(腐植酸)일때, 침전형성에 미치는 중금속(重金屬)의 농도효과(濃度效果)를 3가지 유형(類型)으로 나타났다. 중금속의 처리농도가 일전 수준(水準)에 도달하기 전(前)까지는 농도(濃度)가 증가해도 침전(沈澱)이 형성되지 않았으며, 그 후(後)부터는 침전형성율(沈澱形成率)이 증가하여 포화점에 도달했고, 포화점을 지나서는 다시 감소하였다. 침전형성(沈澱形成)을 시작(始作)할 수 있는 중금속(重金屬)과 리간드의 농도비율(濃度比率)은 중금속(重金屬)의 종류(種類)와 리간드의 농도(濃度) 의존성(依存性)을 보여 주었다. 포화침전(飽和沈澱)을 형성할 때 1mg의 부식산과 침전을 형성할 수 있는 양(量)은 Pb가 Cu에 비해 1.3배 이상 많았다. 반면에 상대(相對) 리간드가 훌브산(酸)인 경우 중금속의 침전농도(沈澱濃度)는 중금속(重金屬)의 처리농도(處理濃度)에 비례하여 증가(增加)하였다. 훌브산(酸)에 의한 Pb의 침전효율(沈澱效率)은 훌브산(酸)의 농도(濃度)에 관계없이 거의 100%였으나, Cu는 훌브산(酸)의 농도(濃度)가 높을수록 높았으며, 12~19%였다. pH는 Pb과 FA사이의 침전형성량(沈澱形成量)에 큰 영향(影響)을 미쳤으며, pH가 한 단위(單位) 증가(增加)할 때 침전형성율(沈澱形成率)은 최고 6배까지 증가하였다. 침전형성농도가 급증(急增)하는 pH의 범위는 유기(有機)리간드의 pH 급변구간(急變區間)과 일치(一致)했다. 반응온도는 부식산(腐植酸)과 중금속(重金屬)사이의 침전형성율(沈澱形成率)에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나, 반응온도가 $15^{\circ}C$에서 $55^{\circ}C$로 증가함에 따라, Cu-훌브산의 침전형성율은 2배 가량 증가하였으며, Pb-홀브산의 경우는 6%의 증가를 보였다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.54-58
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• 2008

Laser welding with AZ61 filler wire was carried out to improve formability though reduction of porosity and formation of under fill bead. Optimum welding condition and mechanical properties of butt joint for $400{\times}500{\times}1.3mm$ magnesium sheets were studied. Optimal welding conditions of laser power, welding speed, and defocusing length are 1000W, 3m/min, and 2mm, respectively. Results of tensile test indicated that both tensile strength and elongation of specimens welded with filler wire were improved at room temperature because of reduction of porosity and under-filled bead formation in addition to the precipitation hardening and microstructure refinement by Al-Mn and Mg-Al-Zn precipitates. At elevated temperature of $200{\sim}350^{\circ}C$, fracture location of tensile specimen was shifted from weld metal to base metal, indicating less softening of weld metal than base metal.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2015

In this study, influence of different stone powders (SP), including limestone powders (LP), quartzite powders (QP), and granitic powders (GP), on the hydration behaviors of portland cement, for example, setting time, hydration heat, and hydration products, were discussed. The initial and the final setting time both shorten when the content of LP is 5 %, however, they are slightly delayed by the other two SPs. The LP has no obvious influence on the arrival time of the first peak in the exothermal curves, and it makes the peak value decrease; the other two SPs postpone the appearance of the first peak, and they also make the peak value decrease. For the second peak, LP shifts the peak position to the left, QP has no effect on this peak position, and GP makes the appearance of this peak delayed by 143 min. Similarly, three kinds of SPs have different influence on the hydration products of portland cement. The LP precipitates the formation of hydrated calcium carbo aluminate, the QP the formation of hydrated garnet, and the GP makes the amount of Tobermorite increase.

• 한국주조공학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.179-186
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• 2010

To elucidate the effects of alloying elements on the characteristics of microstructure and high temperature oxidation of cast austenitic stainless steel, a thermodynamic calculation, a cyclic oxidation test, a X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscopy-back scattered electron, a electron probe microanalysis were conducted. The thermodynamic calculation for the effect of vanadium (V) addition on the formation of various precipitates leads to a decrease of chromium (Cr)-rich $M_{23}C_6$ carbides due to the formation of M (C, N) carbo-nitrides containing V and / or niobium (Nb). The V added alloy increased the resistance to high temperature oxidation due to a decrease of Cr-depleted zone deteriorating the oxidation resistance and due to the V-enriched oxide layer formed in inner oxide layer blocking the outward transport of cations.