• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.293-302
• /
• 2010

Effects of formalin on removal of Pseudodactylogyrus spp. were examined against naturally infected eel, Anguilla japonica (weight 89.9~96g) at a water temperature of $28^{\circ}$. Prior to experiments for removal of the parasite, the hematological toxicity of formalin bath at 0~500 ppm for 30 min~24 h was assessed by hematocrit values (Ht). Based on the results of Ht, appropriate methods of treatment, concentrations and durations, were examined in the main study. There was no significant (P>0.05) change of Ht in 100 to 200 ppm for 24 h. In contrast, Ht increased significantly (P<0.05) at above 300 ppm. This suggests that physiological damage was caused by formalin bath treating with 300 to 500 ppm. Formalin bath with 100 and 200 ppm for 24 h caused significant decreases (P<0.05) in the infection of the parasite. In conclusion, the 100 ppm formalin for 24 hour-bath was found most recommendable for the effective treatment of Pseudodactylogyrus spp. for the gills of the infected eel because of the median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of formalin to eel; cumulative mortalities were found to be 0 and 13.3%, respectively, following 24 h bathing.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.93-97
• /
• 2002

The scuticociliate, a histophagous ciliate, is known to cause high cumulative mortalities in juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus rearing in land-based tank facilities. This study examined effects of bath treatment of 3 chemical agents including formalin, hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride. and freshwater against scnricociliates infected olive flounder. Although 100 ppm formalin and freshwater did not completeIy eliminale ue scuticociliates within the internal organ of fish, chemicals were effective to prevent scuticociliatosis from spreading. It confirms the efficacy of the chemical with treating the diseased fish for at least 4 consecutive days.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.143-146
• /
• 2000

The effectiveness of bronopol and bithionol in treating Ichthyobodo sp. infestation in cultured olive flounder was investigated, and compared them with formalin. Bath with formalin at 200 ppm or bithionol at 100 ppm for 1 h showed complete removal of Ichthyobodo sp. from all the experimental fish. Baths with lower concentrations of formalin (50 and 100 ppm) or bithionol (25 and 50 ppm) significantly reduced infection intensities of Ichthyobodo sp. On the other hand, baths with bronopol or intubation of bithionol at various concentrations were not effective against Ichthyobodo sp. infestation.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.263-270
• /
• 1993

The effects of surfactants on electorless copper plating bath for PCB was studied. Basic bath composition was cuplic sulfate 10g/l, EDTA.2Na 40 g/l, formalin$ 3m\ell$/l and sodium hydroxide solution for pH adjust. After addition of accelerators, stabilizers and surfactants, the polarization curves in plating bath were carried out for presumption of the plating rate. From the plating rate in bath with the various concentration of additives, the optimum condition for manufacturing the electroless copper plating bath was confirmed. It was found that the addition of $\alpha$.$\alpha$'-dipyridyl, pyridine and polyxyethylene octylphenylether was good as stabilizer, accelerator and surfactants, respectively. With this additives, the maximum plating rate of $12\mu\textrm{m}$/h at $65^{\circ}C$ and $2\mu\textrm{m}$/h at $25^{\circ}C$ was obtained.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.5-10
• /
• 1970

Due to the fact that an inactivated anthrax vaccine may lark its immunogenicity and stability of immunogen a number of spore vaccines were exclusively used worldwide. In these studies a number of important factors were emphasized to achieve the following: selection of non or less allergic strain of anthrax bacillus, capsulation of bacteria. obtaining of non sporulating but vegetative organisms, adequate inactivation of B. anthraccis by means of formalin, adsorption of immunogen to aluminum hydroxide gel. Non or less allergic strains of anthrax bacillus which is inactivated with formalin was selected by a hyperimmunization and shock test in rabbits. Obtaining capsular material and vegetative immunogen, a virulent anthrax organisms were cultivated on sodium bicarbonate medium with of without adding of l-alanine in which B, anthracis grew luxuriantly without forming spores. Inactivation was carried out at $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 3 days after the bacterial culture was mixed with formalin, in a final concentration of two per cent of formalin. Aluminum hydroxide gel was added to the mixture of anthrax and blackleg bacterin. Vaccines were injected guinea pig via subcutaneous or intramusoular route and challenged after three weeks and the possibilities of protection was tested. Throughout the studies. the above mentioned vaccines possibly protected the vaccinated guinea pigs more than 80 per cent compared to that of the controls. This experimental results strongly suggest that the vaccine may possibly applicable to bovine.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.315-325
• /
• 2007

Histological changes in gill and liver of eel, Anguilla japonica (average weight 96±3.6 g) were examined with formalin bath at 0~500 ppm for 1, 6 and 24 h. Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, cell fusion, desquamation and necrosis of epithelial cells at gill lamella and gill filament were observed from 6 h at 200 ppm, 1 h at 300 ppm, 1 h at 400 ppm and 1 h at 500 ppm. In the exposure of formalin 100 ppm for 24 h, epithelial cells arrangement of gill filament and gill lamella showed thinner and more regular order than the control. trophy and pyknosis of hepatocytes, congestion at sinus or central vein, degeneration of cytoplasm were observed in the liver from 24 h at 100 ppm and 200 ppm, 6 h at 300 ppm, 1 h at 400 ppm and 500 ppm. However, there were not any histological changes at liver of 100 ppm-1, 6 h, 200 ppm-1, 6 h and 300 ppm-1 h compared with the tissue of control.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.20 no.7
• /
• pp.12.1-12.7
• /
• 2017

Soft tunic syndrome (STS) is a protozoal disease caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi in the edible ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Previous studies have proven that combined formalin-hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) bath is effective in reducing STS progress and mortality. To secure target animal safety for field applications, toxicity of the treatment needs to be evaluated. Healthy ascidians were bathed for 1 week, 1 h a day at various bathing concentrations. Bathing with 5- and 10-fold optimum concentration caused 100% mortality of ascidians, whereas mortality by 0.5- to 2.0-fold solutions was not different from that of control. Of the oxidative damage parameters, MDA levels did not change after 0.5- and 1.0-fold bathing. However, free radical scavenging ability and reducing power were significantly decreased even with the lower-than-optimal 0.5-fold concentration. Glycogen content tended to increase with 1-fold bathing without statistical significance. All changes induced by the 2-fold bathing were completely or partially restored to control levels 48 h post-bathing. Free amino acid analysis revealed a concentration-dependent decline in aspartic acid and cysteine levels. In contrast, alanine and valine levels increased after the 2-fold bath treatment. These data indicate that the currently established effective disinfectant regimen against the parasitic pathogen is generally safe, and the biochemical changes observed are transient, lasting approximately 48 h at most. Low levels of formalin and $H_2O_2$ were detectable 1 h post-bathing; however, the compounds were completely undetectable after 48 h of bathing. Formalin-$H_2O_2$ bathing is effective against STS; however, reasonable care is required in the treatment to avoid unwanted toxicity. Drug residues do not present a concern for consumer safety.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.71-75
• /
• 1972

Due to the fact that an inactivated anthrax vaccine may show no or lower immunogenicity and stability, a number of spore vaccines were exclusively used worldwide. In these studies non or less allergic strain of anthrax bacillus was selected and made a capsulated vegetative organisms. Anthrax organisms of a virulent strain were cultivated on sodium bicarbonate medium with or without adding I-alanine in which B. anthracis grew luxuriantly without forming spores. Inactivation of the organisims was carried out at $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 3 days after the bacterial culture was mixed with formalin in a final concentration of two per cent. Aluminum hydroxide gel was added to the mixture of anthrax and blackleg bacterin. Guinea pigs were injected with the vaccine via subcutaneous or intramuscular route and challenged after three weeks, and the possibilities of protection was tested. Throughout the studies, the vaccines possibly protected the vaccinated guinea pigs more than 80 per cent compared to that of the controls. This experimental results strongly suggest that the vaccine may possibly applicable to the prevention of bovine anthrax and blackleg.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.143-152
• /
• 1997

The effect of $\beta$-glucan as an immunostimulant to increase resistance to bacterial diseases by enhancing non-specific defense mechanism in rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) was examined by oral and bath administration. After oral or bath administration with $\beta$-glucan, the injection challenges with Vibro ordalii, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Edwardsiella tarda were performed to assess $\beta$-glucan efficacy. After injection of V. ordalii, oral administration for 30 days with 1% $\beta$-glucan showed 25% of survival rate. But all control fish died within 3 days after the injection. After injection of S, epidermidis, oral administration group for 20 and 30 days showed a remarkably increased survival rate of 95%. But oral administration of $\beta$-glucan to rockfish did not induce protection against experimental E. tarda infection. $\beta$-Glucan bath administration with or without formalin-killed V. ordalii showed that no protection was observed at 10 days after challenge. The results show that $\beta$-glucan to rockfish was effective to increase survival rate of bacterial infections of S. epidermidis and V. ordalii but not against E. tarda.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.73-81
• /
• 1999

To study the supplementaing effects of kugija, Lycium chinense, in commercial diet on the immune response of nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, nonspecific immune responses were investigated. The activities of complement and lysozyme were higher in sera of the fish fed diet with kugija than control diet. The effects of kugija on vaccination of fish to Edwardsiella tarda were compared in three different vaccination methods after feeding kugija for ten weeks. Intraperitoneal injection and bath administration with formalin killed cells (FKC) and bath with extracellular products (ECP) after injection of FKC showed differences in immune responses of vaccinated fish. Bath administration with ECP after injection of FKC was more stimulated than any other methods in each of nonspecific and specific responses such as the activities of complement and lysozyme, antibody production and rosette forming cells. Moreover, cumulative mortality was significantly lower in the fish vaccinated with combination FKC and ECP after injection challenge with live E. tarda.