• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2020

The study seeks to evaluate the impacts of three types of credit - formal, semi-formal, and informal credits - on the well-being of households in Vietnam's rural areas. Based on data from the Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys in 2014 and 2016, the research uses the instrumental variable fixed-effect models to estimate the effects of three kinds of credit on household's per capita income and expenditure. There are some significant findings. First, in rural areas, formal credit is the most popular source with stable and cheap borrowing costs. Informal credit is a complement to formal credit to meet urgent needs. Funding agriculture activities is the most commonly cited purpose of borrowing, followed by purchasing assets. The highest misuse rate belongs to the group of loans for agriculture production. Second, the results show that credit helps smoothen consumption rather than generate income for rural households. Three types of credit have insignificant or negative effects on household's per capita income. Formal loans significantly improve total expenditure and spending on healthcare and education. Informal and semi-formal credits show a little influence on consumption. Informal loans have a significantly positive effect on healthcare expenditure. In contrast, having semi-formal loans tends to decrease spending on foods.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.949-958
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• 2021

This study aims to develop a theoretical model in order to determine factors affecting consumer intention to use credit cards by combining Theory of perceived risk and Technology acceptance model. Despite of perspective of consequences in prior studies on related research fields, this study focuses on the sources of perceived risk, including transaction, payment and credit risks, which are proposed and measured in a preliminary research. A measurement model and a structural model with the presence of perceived risk in sources are tested in a formal research with data collected from 538 bank customers. An analysis results show that payment risk, usefulness, transaction risk, ease of use, and credit risk influence significantly Vietnamese consumers' intention to use credit cards in decreasing order of influence. These factors account for 64.6% of the variation in intended use. All three dimensions of perceived risk have a negative effect on the intention to use, with the total impact greater than the level of influence of the other two factors of usefulness and ease of use. These findings can be beneficial to banks in enacting policies to attract more consumers and to allocate resources for improving their credit card business.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제61권
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• pp.191-211
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• 2014

This paper intends to study some problems in the application of UCP 600 in the international trade transactions with China. Generally speaking, China complies with UCP 600 well. Nevertheless, there are some problems in the application of UCP 600 in China owing to the difference in law and practices. There are some problems in the application of UCP 600 in China owing to the difference of practices under Bills of Exchange Act and The Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Some Issues Concerning the Trial of Cases of Disputes over Letter of Credit. The Act insists on the formal requirements, the consistency between a letter amount and a figure amount, the unconditional payment character of bills of exchange. The Provisions include the recognition of revocable credits, the difference of standard in examining documents, the difference in the treatment of issuing banks in relation to discrepant documents. These aforesaid matters of the Act and the Provisions are inconsistent with the practices under the UCP 600. There are two main problems in the operation of letters of credit in China. One is the lack of concerned parties' practice knowledge in relation to letters of credit in China. The other is the inactive stance of nominated banks in China. There are two main problems in relation to judiciary institutions in China. First, judges in China tend to abuse the injunctions owing to the lack of understanding in relation to letters of credit. Secondly, there are inconsistency in the court ruling in China.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제8권11호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2021

The condition of financial services in Indonesia is unique, based on various characteristics, behaviors, and preferences. Therefore, the study of finance and banking is interesting to study as a recommendation for government policies. This paper aims to analyze the barriers to accessing formal financial services in Indonesia and why informal financial services are preferred. This paper presents a case study of financial inclusion in selected provinces in Indonesia using the SOFIA dataset from the Ministry of National Development Planning. Overall, this data consists of 20,000 individuals from 4 provinces and 93 regions representing the population in eastern Indonesia. The analysis was carried out by processing individual-level cross-sectional data surveyed in 2017 using the probit binary logistic method. The results identify the individual barriers in accessing formal financial services, including account ownership, saving, and credit activities in the formal financial institutions, and amplify the image by analyzing what determinants affect people to choose informal institutions. We found that some individual characteristics such as age, gender, education, income, employment status, residence, and access to technology significantly affect the barrier to formal financial services in East Indonesia.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.787-798
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• 2000

This study intended to investigate the benefits sought in 2(i s female formal wear and the clothing behaviors of 20's working women segmented by the benefits of female apparel and to provide marketing strategy on the segmented market. The subject of this study were 605 working women in their 20's living in seoul, and survey based on references and formal studies was used. The results of data analysis are as follows: 1. The factor structures of the benefit sought in clothing products were classified into symbolismㆍaesthetics, and practicality. 2. Consumer groups were segmented into four groups by the benefit factors sought in clothing products. 3. Product involvement, fashion involvement, information search and brand loyalty were proven significantly different among the segmented consumer groups. Demographic variables and purchasing traits such as subjective social class, average monthly expenditure on clothing, and usage of fashion credit card or credit cards were proven to significantly different among the segmented consumer groups.

• 무역학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.89-106
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• 2023

본 연구는 자본잠식 상태의 우량 해외바이어에 대한 신용평가 개선방안을 고찰하였다. 미국을 대표하는 우량기업 중 당기순익을 시현하면서도 오히려 자본이 감소하는 특수한 상황의 기업이 적지 않은 바, 해외기업 사례연구를 실시하여 자본잠식 발생원인을 심층 분석하였다. 자본잠식 유형을 발생원인에 따라 영업손실 누적에 의한 적자형 자본잠식과 자사주 매입 등 주주환원 정책에 의한 흑자형 자본잠식으로 구분하였다. 본 연구는 무역보험공사가 자본잠식 해외바이어에 대해 일률적으로 무역보험 이용제한 대상인 G등급으로 평가하는 현행 신용등급 평가방식의 개선 필요성을 지적하며, 흑자형 자본잠식 기업에 대한 신용평가를 형식적 심사에서 실질적 심사로 개선할 것을 제안하였다. 수입자 신용등급이 적정 수준 대비 하향 평가될 경우 무역보험 제공이 제한되어 수출자 지원이 위축될 우려가 있는 바, 본 연구 결과가 무역보험 신용평가 개선에 활용되어 적극적 무역보험지원에 기여하길 기대한다.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.219-233
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine the financial education needs of college students and how financial education affected their perceived financial management problems. The results indicated that the need for personal financial management of the students was relatively high and that students were interested in various topics withinpersonal financial management. Formal financial education was found to have a positive impact on students' financial management behavior by reducing the probability of having problems with managing financial affairs. In addition, students' use of credit cards played a significant role in predicting problems with managing financial affairs. Several implications based on the findings were suggested.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.5-16
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• 2013

Purpose - Micro-finance institutions (MFIs) are critical to Vietnam's quest for poverty alleviation among the poor in the rural and agrarian communities. The current study attempts to investigate the impact of microfinance outreach programs undertaken by formal and semi-formal MFIs in Vietnam targeting the poor rural and agrarian communities. Research design, data, methodology - An enquiry was made as to whether the poor and rural communities accessed the micro credit offered by Government supported MFIs and NGOs through their microfinance outreach programs. Furthermore, the current study attempted to explore if the current mode of operations adopted by MFIs in Vietnam is sustainable. Results -The findings indicate that significant progress has been made in Vietnam to alleviate poverty among the poor rural communities through micro finance outreach programs. Conclusions - There are also pointers of MFIs sustainability in Vietnam. However, it still remains to be seen if the current sustainability pointers are long lasting without government subsidies or some international organizations financial support to microfinance outreach programs.

• 융합경영연구
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.7-23
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• 2015

Women are more disadvantaged than men in many fronts and this confines them to informal sector livelihood activities. Any attempt to improve women's economic status will require information on the organization, cost and returns to investment in the livelihood activities in which they predominate. This is the issue for this study which compared yield performance in artisanal fishing and fresh fish marketing. Primary data collected through multi-stage sampling method were analyzed using inferential statistics, budgeting and regression models. Empirical findings revealed that about 75.0% of fisher folks either had no formal education or acquired only primary school education while 50.0% of marketers had secondary school education. The budgeting model revealed fisher-folks' and marketers' annual net profit to be N2,882,626.00 and N640,227.00, respectively. Profit from fishing was significantly higher than that of fish marketing. At 53.2% for fishing and 40.3% for marketing, returns to investment was better in fishing. Regression model results showed the significant factors influencing returns to each livelihood strategy to include fishing ground, distance covered and years of experience. The major constraint faced by operators of both livelihoods groups was insufficient credit. Despite this, the livelihood strategies were shown to be profitable ventures which contributed to households' consumption expenditure. Organizing women informal sector operators into groups to enhance access to government support and formal credit are recommended for improving livelihood strategy performance.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.111-143
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• 2011

고용창출효과를 제고하기 위해서 노동 수요 측면의 임금보조를 현행 세액공제 방식에서 사회보험료감면 방식으로 대체해야 한다는 주장이 지속적으로 제기되고 있는 상황에서, 본 연구는 이론분석을 통해 이러한 주장의 타당성을 과학적으로 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 분석 결과, 사회보험료감면 방식의 우월 여부는 사회보험 사각지대 존재 여부에 따라 다르게 나타나는데, 사각지대가 존재하지 않는 경우 사회보험료감면 방식이 고용창출 측면에서 세액공제 방식보다 우월하나, 사각지대가 존재하는 경우에는 사회보험료감면 방식의 우월성이 보장될 수 없다. 따라서 사회보험료감면 방식의 우월성을 구현하기 위해서는 사회보험 사각지대를 최소화함으로써 모든 기업이 임금보조 혜택을 받을 수 있는 토대를 마련하는 것이 긴요하다. 또한 기업별 고용여건(임금수준, 고용반응도 등)을 고려하여 감면비율을 차등적용함으로써 고용창출효과 극대화를 도모할 필요가 있다.