• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.389-401
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• 2021

Background and objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological status of six areas around Geumgang River that used to be farmlands before they were restored as a riverine ecobelt. This study aims to analyze the correlation between the location environment and ecological status of the sites to identify the environmental factors affecting them. Methods: The sites are classified into four types according to restoration: terraced paddy fields, flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. The survey items were divided into land use status, plant ecology, and animal ecology. Results: In terms of plant ecology, terraced paddy fields showed favorable naturality with the rate of native species above 90% and the naturalization index below 10%. In terms of animal ecology, the total number of species found in these areas was biggest in terraced paddy fields, followed by flat paddy fields, artificial wetland, and landscape forest. Regarding species diversity, terraced paddy fields also showed abundant species with an average of 1.05 to 1.09. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the forest area around the sites had the most significant effect on species diversity. The grassland and open water area showed a positive correlation with the total number of animal species and the number of dragonflies, confirming that the marshy grassland had a positive effect. As the cultivated land and urbanized area around the sites increased, it had a negative effect on the distribution of native species and the number of animal species that appeared, and a positive effect on the naturalization index. Conclusion: It is necessary to establish preemption and restoration plans for sites such as grasslands adjacent to the forest and terraced paddy fields in order to promote resilience of the diverse species returning to the purchased lands.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.9 no.3_4
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• pp.7-13
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• 1966

The investigation on the grassland type was conducted by the data in the previous these (Park 1963, '64, '65, '66). The results obtained are as follows; 1) I defined that the relationship between the valves of DS and the main species of the grass in Korea(Table Ⅰ) Grassland Stage ; Waste type………6 community-types Short grass type………3 community-types Pteridium type………1 community-types Tall grass type………4 community-types Sasamorpha type………1 community-types Shrubby Stage; Lespedeza type Pioneer tree type………6 species Forest Stage; Deciduous broad leave tree type………6 species Evergreen broad leaved tree type………3 species Evergreen needle leaved tree type………7 species 2) I defined; that the relationship between the valves of DS and the grassland type in Korea(Table 2). Of grassnland type, the range of valves of DS, 50-220 belongs to waste type; 130-310 short grass type; 230-640 tall grass type; 210-450 pteridium type; 510-970 sasamorpha type; 730-1450 shrubby type; 3) I decided; The succession stage centering on the Sasamorpha purpuracens in Korea(Table 3). 4) I decided the climate type and the grassland succession in Korea(Table 4).

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.252-257
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• 2008

With the rapid exuberant growth of the forest, the number and size of forest fires and the costs of wildland fires have increased. The flame spread rate of forest fires is depending on the environmental variables like the wind velocity, moisture of grassland, etc. If we know the effects of the environmental variables on the fire growth, it is useful for wildland fiIre suppression. But analysis of the spread rate of wildland fire for these effects have not been established. In this study, the effects of wind velocity and height of grassland fuel have been investigated using the WFDS which is developed at NIST for prediction of the spread of wildland fires. The results showed that the relation between the height of the fuel and the spread rate of the head fires is, and the spread rates related to the wind velocity are predicted 17% less than the experimental results of Australia. When the wind velocity is over 7.5m/s, the concentration of pyrolyzed gas phase fuel is getting low due to fast movement of pyrolyzed gas, the flame spread rate becomes slow.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1295-1297
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• 2003

Owing to the higher temporal resolution, meteorological satellite data is widely used to monitor the disasters happened on the earth's surface. However, the precision of identifying disaster information is limited by the poor spatial resolution. As known, GIS technology is good at processing and analyzing the geographic information. The result shows, integrating with GIS technology, the ability of monitoring forest fire using meteorological satellite data has been greatly improved.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 1996

The mathematical expression in the forest and grassland soils to express the general concepts involved in such terms "a soil erosion and soil renewal. " The net addition rate in the forest and grassland soils are represented by an equation of $(S_{rb}-S_{ra})-(S_{eb}-S_{ea})={\int}_a^bR(m, cl, re, b, t )dt-{\int}E(w, r, cl, re, ch, b, t)dt{\gtreqqless}0$ where $S_r$, is renewal soil, $S_e$ is soil erosion, and variable factors are m =parent material of soil, cl=climate, re=relief or topography, ch=soil characteristics, r=rain or water, w=wind, b=biota, and t = time.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Hyangjeokbong (1,614 m) in Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation and flatland forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, subalpine coniferous forest, shrub forest, grassland forest, afforestation and etc., while riparian forest was found under the category of flatland forest vegetation. Including 122 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 2 communities of riparian forest, the total of 124 communities were researched; the distributed colonies classified by physiognomy classification are 42 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 37 communities of valley forest, 8 communities of coniferous forests, 6 communities of subalpine coniferous forest, 3 communities of shrub forest, 1 communities of grassland forest, 21 afforestation and 4 other communities. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis communities account for 47.02 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 57.48 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 77.53 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds, and Taxus cuspidate-Abies koreana community takes up about 50 percent of subalpine coniferous forest. Mountain shrub forest and mountain grassland forest vegetation are concentrated mainly on the top of Hyangjeokbong and the ridge connecting the top and Jungbong. Meanwhile, riparian forest vegetation comprises 0.024% of the whole vegetation area in a study area. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Pinus densiflora, Abies koreana and Taxus cuspidata are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation region in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area. However, in respect of subalpine coniferous forest, the distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved forest seems to increase gradually due to global warming and artificial disturbance.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2023

The grassland section of the greenhouse gas inventory has limitations due to a lack of review and verification of biomass compared to organic carbon in soil while grassland is considered one of the carbon storages in terrestrial ecosystems. Considering the situation at internal and external where the calculation of greenhouse gas inventory is being upgraded to a method with higher scientific accuracy, research on standards and methods for calculating carbon accumulation of grassland biomass is required. The purpose of this study was to identify international trends in the calculation method of the grassland biomass sector that meets the Tier 2 method and to conduct a review of variables applicable to the Republic of Korea. Identify the estimation methods and access levels for grassland biomass through the National Inventory Report in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and type the main implications derived from overseas cases. And, a field survey was conducted on 28 grasslands in the Republic of Korea to analyse the applicability of major issues. Four major international issues regarding grassland biomass were identified. 1) country-specific coefficients by land use; 2) calculations on woody plants; 3) loss and recovery due to wildfire; 4) amount of change by human activities. As a result of field surveys and analysis of activity data available domestically, it was found that there was a significant difference in the amount of carbon in biomass according to use type classification and climate zone-soil type classification. Therefore, in order to create an inventory of grassland biomass at the Tier 2 level, a policy and institutional system for making activity data should develop country-specific coefficients for climate zones and soil types.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 1995

The variations of the soil texture, $SiO_2$ /$Al_2$$O_3$ ratio, buffer action, exchangeable base, ex-changeable hydrogen, and mineral nutrients were investigated to estimate the grade of the soil fertility of the soil derived from the different parent rocks such as the granite in Kwangnung and the basalt in Chejudo. The results investigated were showed as follows : Basalt soils in Chejudo belong to sandy clay, light clay and sandy clay loam, while gramite soils in Kwangnung sandy loam. The $SiO_2$ /$AI_2$$O_3$ ratio of the grassland in Chejudo was 1.11 and that of the oak forest soils was 1.24, while granite soils in Kwangnung 1.54 and 1.46, respectively. The buffer actions of ba-salt soils against the N /10 HCI and $Ca(OH)_2$ were stronger than those of granite soils. The $SiO_2$/$Al_2$$O_3$ + $Fe_2$$O_3$ ratios of grassland and oak forest soils of basalt in Chejudo showed 1.10 and 1.24 respectively, while those of the grassland and oak forest of Kwangnung 1.44 and 1.33. The base exchange capacity of basalt soils which has higher value of exchangeable hydrogen was stronger than that of granite soils. But the base saturation of granite soils showed higher value than that of basalt soils. Water contents of basalt soils in Chejudo was lower than that of granite soils fo Kwangnung Basalt soils in Chejudo contain still more humus and total nitrogen than gran-ite soils in kwangnung, The amount of available nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable calcium of granite soils were more than that of basalt soils, Therefore, estimating the soil fertility, granite soils in Kwangnung is higher than that of basalt soils in Chejudo.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.369-381
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• 2004

This study was achieved to present the way to restore the Seonheulgot pasture-grassland damaged by landuse and interference for a long time to evergreen broad-leaved forests as the native vegetation structure. As a result of analyzing ecological succession tendency of structure in survey area, we established the optimal restoration model. The total of survey sites were 26, and the classified plant community types were four types by M.I.P of dominant woody species. Finally we classified the four types based on diameter of dominant woody species in canopy layer. The six community types are as follows: Community I was runner-shrub forest, community II was evergreen broad-leaved shrub forest, and community III was evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter. Community IV and V were evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter. Community Ⅵ was evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The number of constituent species was 24 in community I, 28 in community II as the shrub forest, 16 as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of small diameter, 29 in community III, 30 in community IV as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of middle diameter and 27 in community Ⅵ as the evergreen broad-leaved forest of large diameter. The range of Shannon's index of all communitys was from 0.8763 to 1.2630 and the Similarity index between the community composed of middle diameter woody species and large diameter woody species. The ecological succession of community I, II, and III were changed from pasture-grassland to broad-leaved forest and the structure of community IV, V, and Ⅵ was similar to evergreen broad-leaved forest in warm temperate region. We suggest the restoration planting model evergreen broad-leaved forest of in Seonheulgot pasture-grassland, as follows: The target restoration vegetation were Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii community and Queycus glauca community. Castanopsis cuspidata var. sievoldii and Quercus glauca should be dominant woody species in canopy layer, the number of trees was 10 per 100$m^2$, and Castanopsis cuspidata var, sievoldii, Quercus glauca, Camellia japonica, and Eurya japonica should be dominant woody species in the understory layer, the number of trees was 14 per 100$m^2$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 1985

With a view to producing forest trees and forages, the grassland development in the forest has become an important issue in Korea. For better grassland development in the forest, a field research was carried out to investigate the effects of 3 dominant types of seed mixtures (orchardgrass type, tall fescue type, and reed canarygrass type) on the botanical composition, pasture plants composition and dry matter yield of grass-clover mixtures grown under pine trees (shading level; about 50%). As a preliminary test, 3 shading levels (o; full sunlight, 50, and 60%) were treated to compare the yield of pasture in the forest. This experiment was arranged as a randomized block design with 3 replications, and performed at the experimental field in the suburban forest of Suweon, during 1982 to 1984. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. As the shading level increases by 0, 50, and 6075, the dry matter yield of forage was decreased by 100 (11.13 ton/ha),81 and 76%, respectively. 2. The total ground cover and percentage of pasture plants were decreased by year, regardless of 3 different dominant types of pasture mixtures. The wild grasses and shrubs, however, tended to be increased by year. 3. Orchardgrass was found to be the only dominant grass showing 80% of all pasture plants, regardless of 3 types of pasture mixtures. But the percentage of tall fescue, reed canarygrass, Kentucky bluegrass and ladino clover were low. 4. Dry matter yield was rapidly decreased to 5075 in the second harvest year, 1984 compared with that of the first harvest year, 1983. In 1983, the yield of orchardgrass type, tall fescue type, and reed canary-grass type was 8.95, 9.05, and 7.93 ton per ha, respectively, while in 1984, the yield was 4.66, 4.57, and 4.38 ton per ha, respectively. 5. From the above results, it is suggested that tile orchardgrass dominant type of pasture mixtures is the most desirable considering forage production and botanical composition, and maintaining productivity for several years is important in the grassland under the trees.