• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1111-1124
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• 2017

This study aimed to understand the distribution of vegetation in the eastern and western sides of the Baekdudaegan (ridge) dividing the Odaesan National Park, as influenced by its topography and climate. The actual vegetation, topography and climate for each side were used in the overlay analysis. The results of the analysis of actual vegetation showed a high distribution rate of Quercus mongolica forest on both the eastern and western sides. On the eastern side, the distribution rate of Pinus densiflora forest and P. densiflora-Q. variabilis forest was high, while the western side had a high distribution rate of deciduous broad-leaved tree forest and Abies hollophylla forest. A clear trend was identified for vegetation distribution with respect to elevation but not with respect to slope or aspect. The results of micro-landform analysis showed that the P. densiflora forests in the ridge and slope and the deciduous broad-leaved tree forest in the valley were respectively distributed with a high ratio. In terms of climate, the eastern side revealed an oceanic climate, with a relatively high average annual temperature, while the western side was characterized by relatively high average annual humidity and average annual precipitation. The distribution rate of P. densiflora forest was found to be high on the eastern side of the mountain range.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.270-279
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• 2016

This study explained vertical distributions and growth environments for woody vegetation. It had been degenerated by long-term volcanic activity of Sakurajima; vegetation and thicknesses of tephra layers and forest soils were investigated at 5 sites (250-700 m in altitude) with different altitudes localized at the northwestern-northern flanks of Sakurajima in Kagoshima Prefecture. The results in 2015 were compared with the vertical distribution of woody vegetation in 1963, when the volcanic activity of Sakurajima was relatively moderate. Thus, we investigated temporal changes in the vertical distribution of woody vegetation owing to volcanic activity over about 50 years (1963-2015). We indicated altitude decreased, the number of woody vegetation, number of species, sum of cross-sectional area of tree diameter at breast height, Fisher-Williams's diversity index ${\alpha}$, and forest soil thickness increased. However, these values were found to be degenerated when compared to climax forest values, and succession was incomplete. It seems that because the woody vegetation of the flank was affected by volcanic activity for a long time, exposing them to severe growth environments, areas with lower altitudes became distant from the craters of Sakurajima, thereby weakening the effect of volcanic activity in these areas at lower altitudes. a at the same altitudes over about 50 years (1963-2015) decreased by about 31-72%, and the sum of the cross-sectional area in tree diameter at breast heights decreased by about 14-62%. Thus, comparative growth environments for woody vegetation in 2015 were more severe than that of 1963, with respect to tephra layer thickness. In addition, for vegetation succession in the flank of Sakurajima, vegetation restoration should be promoted through the introduction of artificial woody plants covered by symbiotic microorganisms or organic materials.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생태학회 2002년도 VIII 세계생태학대회
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• pp.71-77
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• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analyzing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5%), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for f01.2ha(22.8%), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4%), and others for 19.1ha(4.3%). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9% showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analy zing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha, of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5$\%$), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for 101.2ha(22.8$\%$), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4$\%$), and others for 19.1ha(4.3$\%$). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9$\%$ showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2009

변산반도국립공원을 대상으로 식생분포 실태를 파악하고 현존식생도 조사방법 및 작도 기준을 제시하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다. 과거 국립공원의 식생조사문헌을 검토하고 현존식생 조사 및 작도기준안을 마련하여, 변산반도국립공원의 식생분포조사를 실시하였다. 변산반도국립공원의 현존식생은 총 8개 식물군락과 기타지역으로 구분되었으며, 2차림인 자연림은 소나무군락, 낙엽활엽수림, 굴참나무군락, 침엽수-활엽수혼효림 4개 식생군락으로, 조림지는 리기다소나무림, 곰솔림, 리기테다소나무림, 리기다소나무-곰솔림 4개 수림으로 구분되었다. 변산반도국립공원의 녹지자연도는 7등급 지역이 약 69.1%로 가장 넓었고, 9등급 지역은 0.36%로 매우 희소하였다. 국립공원의 체계적인 식생조사 및 관리를 위해서는 식생조사방법 및 작도 기준이 필요하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.390-399
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• 2019

Background: The Northern Hemisphere forest ecosystem is a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the subalpine zone stores large amounts of carbon; however, their magnitude and distribution of stored carbon are still unclear. Results: To clarify the carbon distribution and carbon budget in the subalpine zone at volcanic Jeju Island, Korea, we report the C stock and changes therein owing to vegetation form, litter production, forest floor, and soil, and soil respiration between 2014 and 2016, for three subalpine forest ecosystems, namely, Abies koreana forest, Taxus cuspidata forest, and Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii forest. Organic carbon distribution of vegetation and NPP were bigger in the A. koreana forest than in the other two forests. However, the amount of soil organic carbon distribution was the highest in the J. chinensis var. sargentii forest. Compared to the amount of organic carbon distribution (AOCD) of aboveground vegetation (57.15 t C ha^-1) on the subalpine-alpine forest in India, AOCD of vegetation in the subalpine forest in Mt. Halla was below 50%, but AOCD of soil in Mt. Halla was higher. We also compared our results of organic carbon budget in subalpine forest at volcanic island with data synthesized from subalpine forests in various countries. Conclusions: The subalpine forest is a carbon reservoir that stores a large amount of organic carbon in the forest soils and is expected to provide a high level of ecosystem services.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제109권2호
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• pp.145-156
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• 2020

울산광역시의 대표적인 고립된 도시숲인 염포산을 대상으로 2000년과 2018년에 산림식생에 대한 식물사회학적 식생조사를 수행하여 그 구조, 조성 및 공간 분포 변화 경향을 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 총피도(/100㎡)는 거의 변화가 없었으나 자연식생에서는 약 9%의 증가율을 보였다. 구성종의 중요치는 그 순위에 있어서는 다소간의 변화가 있었으며 난대성 수종인 비목나무와 오염내성이 강한 때죽나무가 각각 835%, 269%의 매우 높은 증가율을 보였다. 종풍부도(S)와 종다양도(H')는 각각 약 22%, 약 8%의 감소율을 보였는데 주로 하층 식생 발달에 따라 임상 식생 구성종이 자연 감소한 결과로 판단되며 모두 인공식생이 자연식생에 비해 다소 높은 감소율을 나타내었다. 생활형 조성 체계는 2000년과 2018년 모두 'MM-R5-D4-e'로 동일하게 나타났다. 전체 산림식생의 유사도(Jaccard 계수)는 약 75%로 종구성적 특성이 거의 동질적으로 나타났다. 지표종은 2000년 16종에서 2018년 7종으로 9종이 감소하였으며 대부분 교란에 민감한 반지중식물(H), 지중식물(G) 그리고 일년생식물(Th) 등 초본식물이었다. 상관식생 유형 간 공간 분포 면적은 큰 변화가 없었으며, 산림경관 요소인 패치(patch)의 개수는 2000년 537개에서 2018년 721개로 약 25%의 증가율을 보인 반면, 그 평균 크기는 2000년 1.28 ha에서 2018년 1.03 ha로 약 20%의 감소율을 보였다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2011

본 연구는 덕유산국립공원 산림 식생을 상관조사와 현지식생조사를 토대로 덕유산국립공원 현존식생도를 작성하였다. 상관에 의한 현존식생은 42개 유형으로 구분되었으며, 조사지역 전체의 산림 식생 중에서 신갈나무림이 39.08%로 가장 넓게 분포하였다. 다음으로 굴참나무림, 소나무림, 들메나무림의 순으로 차지하여 덕유산국립공원은 타 국립공원의 산림과 비교할 때 들메나무림이 많이 분포되어 있는 것이 특징이다. 덕유산국립공원 식생을 환경구배에 따라 구분하면 낙엽활엽수림(참나무류림, 계곡림), 침엽수림(소나무림), 아고산림(주목림, 구상나무림, 철쭉관목림, 초원) 등 7개의 유형으로 나누어졌다. 중요치가 높은 주요종에 대한 흉고직경급을 분석한 결과 신갈나무와 굴참나무는 어린 개체와 중간 개체의 밀도가 높고 졸참나무, 서어나무는 어린개체의 밀도가 높아 계속적으로 우점도가 높아질 것이며, 들메나무 는 계곡부에 군락을 형성하고 어린개체의 밀도가 높은 역J자형에 가까운 분포로 나타나 지형적 극상림으로 발달할 것으로 추정된다. 소나무, 물박달나무, 층층나무, 거제수나무, 구상나무, 주목은 어린개체와 큰개체의 밀도는 낮고 중간개체의 밀도가 높은 정규분포형을 나타내고 있어 현상태로 계속 우점도를 유지할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2006

This study's objects are to suggest effective forest community-level management measures by identifying the vulnerable forest vegetation communities types to climate change through a comparative analysis with present forest communities identified and delineated in the Actual Vegetation Map. The methods of this study are to classify the climatic life zones based on the correlative climate-vegetation relationship for each forest vegetation community, the Holdridge Bio-Climate Model was employed. This study confirms relationship between forest vegetation and environmental factors using Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis. Then, the future distribution of forest vegetation are predicted derived factors and present distribution of vegetation by utilizing the multinomial logit model. The vulnerability of forest to climate change was evaluated by identifying the forest community shifts slower than the average velocity of forest moving (VFM) for woody plants, which is assumed to be 0.25 kilometers per year. The major findings in this study are as follows : First, the result of correlative analysis shows that summer precipitation, mean temperature of the coldest month, elevation, soil organic matter contents, and soil acidity (pH) are highly influencing factors to the distribution of forest vegetation. Secondly, the result of the vulnerability assessment employing the assumed velocity of forest moving for woody plants (0.25kmjyear) shows that 54.82% of the forest turned out to be vulnerable to climate change. The sub-alpine vegetations in regions around Mount Jiri and Mount Seorak are predicted to shift the dominance toward Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora communities. In the identified vulnerable areas centering the southern and eastern coastal regions, about 8.27% of the Pinus densiflora communities is likely to shift to sub-tropical forest communities, and 3.38% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Quercus acutissima communities. In the vulnerable areas scattered throughout the country, about 8.84% of the Quercus mongolica communities is likely to shift toward Pinus densiflora communities due to the effects of climate change. The study findings concluded that challenges associated with predicting the future climate using RCM and the assessment of the future vulnerabilities of forest vegetations to climate change are significant.

• 생태와환경
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

덕유산 국립공원 향적봉 (해발고도 1,614 m) 일대 삼림식생은 산지삼림식생과 평지삼림식생으로 대별되어있다. 산지삼림식생은 산지낙엽활엽수림, 산지습성림, 산지침엽수림, 아고산침엽수림, 산지관목림, 산지초원식생, 식재림 등으로 세분되었으며, 평지삼림식생은 하반림이 조사되었다. 상관대분류(physiognomy classification)에 의하여 구분된 산지삼림식생의 분포군락수는 산지낙엽활엽수림 42개 군락, 산지습성림 37개 군락, 산지침엽수림 8개 군락, 아고산침엽수림 6개 군락, 산지관목림 3개 군락, 산지초원 1개 군락, 식재림 21개 군락, 기타 4개 군락의 122개 군락과 하반림 2개 군락의 총 124개 군락이 조사되었다. 조사된 주요 군락의 분포 비율을 보면 산지낙엽활엽수림은 신갈나무군락이 $3,638,917.98m^2$의 23.75%로 가장 높은 분포 비율로 조사되었고, 졸참나무군락이 $1,977,984.23m^2$의 12.91%, 굴참나무군락 $1,586,894.01m^2$ 10.36%로 3개 군락이 전체의 47.02%를 차지하고 있었으며, 산지습성림은 들메나무군락이 전체의 57.48%를 차지하고 있으며, 들메나무와 상층부의 식피율이 비슷하여 혼생군락을 이루고 있는 군락은 14개 군락으로 전체의 31.88%를 차지하고 있다. 산지침엽수림은 소나무군락이 전체의 77.53%로 서 대부분의 산지침염수림은 소나무 1종이 상층부에서 우점종으로 나타나는 군락의 양상을 나타내고 있다. 아고산침엽수림은 주목-구상나무군락이 49.30%로 약 50%를 차지하고 있으며, 구상나무군락이 18.91%로, 구상나무-주목군락이 2.44%로 주목과 구상나무가 상층부 우점종 및 차우점종으로 군락을 이루는 비율이 70.65%로 조사되었다. 산지관목림 및 산지초원식생은 대부분 향적봉 정상과 정상에서 중봉으로 이어지는 능선부에 집중되어있다. 식재림은 일본잎갈나무가 식재림 전체의 50.40%로 가장 많이 식재되었으며, 리기다소나무가 24.51%, 잣나무가 19.74%로 3개 수종이 전체의 94.65%로 대부분이 이들 3종에 의하여 식재되어졌다. 한편 하반림 식생은 연구대상지역 전체 식생면적의 0.024%를 차지하고 있다. 결론적으로 덕유산 국립공원 향적봉 일대 삼림식생은 신갈나무, 졸참나무, 굴참나무, 들메나무, 층층나무, 소나무, 구상나무, 주목 등 소수의 수종이 최상층부의 우점종으로 분포하고있으며 2종에 의하여 형성된 수많은 군락들은 식생천이 및 기후적 요인에 의하여 이 지역 일대의 극상수종인 신갈나무, 서나무, 들메나무 등으로 군락 대체가 예상된다. 그러나 아고산침엽수림은 기후온난화와 인위적 교란에 의하여 점차적으로 낙엽활엽수의 분포비율이 증가할 것으로 보인다.