• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.940-953
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• 2006

The major source of carbon monoxide (CO) at the Earth's surface is the incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels. Because the global lifetime of CO is about two months, it can be used as a tracer for pollution from anthropogenic activities and biomass hurtling. In this paper, we introduced the principle and algorithm of the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument for global CO monitoring. The MOPITT instrument, which was launched on the Satellite Terra in 1999, measures CO column and mixing ratio based on gas correlation radiometry. CO levels can be determined by a retrieval algorithm based on the maximum likelihood method minimizing the difference between observed and modeled radiances. MOPITT level 2 data (HDF format) can be downloaded through the Earth Observing System (EOS) data gateway of NASA. ASCII files of CO parameters can be extracted from HDF files, and then temporal and spatial distributions can be obtained. Finally, we showed an example of CO monitoring in April 2000. The locations of forest fires and distribution of MOPITT CO clearly indicated that not only anthropogenic emissions but also forest fires play an important role in CO levels and global CO distribution. Our introduction to MOPITT and the example of MOPITT data interpretation would be helpful for scientists who want to use the EOS data.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.483-491
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• 2007

One of the major obstacles to classify and validate Land Cover maps is the high cost of acquiring reference data. In case of inaccessible areas such as North Korea, the high resolution satellite imagery may be used for reference data. The objective of this paper is to investigate the possibility of utilizing QuickBird high resolution imagery of North Korea that can be obtained from Google Earth data via internet for reference data of land cover classification. Monthly MODIS NDVI data of nine months from the summer of 2004 were classified into L=54 cluster using ISODATA algorithm, and these L clusters were assigned to 7 classes - coniferous forest, deciduous forest, mixed forest, paddy field, dry field, water, and built-up areas - by careful use of reference data obtained through visual interpretation of the high resolution imagery. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were 85.98% and 0.82, respectively, which represents about 10% point increase of classification accuracy than our previous study based on GCP point data around North Korea. Thus we can conclude that Google Earth may be used to substitute the traditional reference data collection on the site where the accessibility is severely limited.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2013

This study observed changes of understory vegetation to evaluate the role of forest aggregate after 15% aggregated retention harvest in mature oak forest (> 100 years) in Gyungsangbukdo Bonghwagun in 2010 and 2011. Spontaneous responses of understory vegetation cover (%), species richness, abundance of plant growth forms (herbaceous and woody plants), and overall attributes (by Ordination analysis) were estimated in aggregate area (0.15 and n=36) and clear cut area (0.85 and n=192) in experimental site and control site (1 and n=300). Based on ordination analysis, overall change of species composition in aggregated sites were relatively lower than in harvest area. Right after treatment, total cover of cutted area slightly decreased from 15.6% to 14.7%, and species richness increased from 14 species to 22 species. Cover and richness in the both of aggregate and control sites increased. In plant growth forms, 15% aggregate harvest revealed positive effects on the abundance (cover and richness) of herbaceous plants than woody group. After retention treatment, overall, edge effect likely played major component of vegetation changes in aggregate forest and in harvested area, mechanical damage from harvest operation and change of forest structure by clear cutting were critical. As pre-treatment data, which are rare in ecological studies in Korea, were critical for interpretation between patterns that may have arisen from spatial distributions in the original forest, our experimental design have higher opportunity for long term monitoring on the effect of forest aggregate and vegetation regeneration in clear cutted area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.263-273
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• 1989

Accurate and cost-effective classification of forest vegetation is the primary goal for forest management and utilization of forest resources. Aerial photograph and remote sensing are the most frequent and effective method in forest resources inventories. TM and MSS are the principal observing instruments on the Landsat-4 and -5 earth observing satellite. Especially TM has considerably greater spatial, spectral, and radiometric resolution power than MSS, that is, the IFOV of TM at a nadir is 30m compared to 80m for MSS. In this study, we used TM data to classify forest types and compared the result with forest type map manufactured by interpretation of B/W infrared photographs. As a result, land use types were well defined with TM data. But classifying forest types was a little difficult and indistinct. However, the spectral signatures of forest in every season and growing stages remained as problems to be solved, and also the most effective selection and combination method of bands for differentiating the spectral plots among classes.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.21-30
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• 2001

This research was carried out for analyzing watershed and river topography. The method based on experience and map was mainly used, but derived data are too much to effectively analyze. Therefore some researchers have introduced computer system using GIS technique and remote sensing data. This research used GIS and remote sensing technique for classifying and analyzing watershed and river topography. Also dendrochronology method was introduced for guessing the creation times of deposits. Stream order map, sub-basin delineation map, river-bed microtopograpy were produced through this research. These results may be used in planning for Donggang conservation.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.1 no.2 s.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1993

Decrease of forest is seriously caused by urbanization. Photographic interpretation is the act of examining photographic images for the purpose of identifying objects and judging their significance. A systematic study of aerial photographs usually involves a consideration of the basic characteristics of photographic images. Seven of these characteristics are shape, size, pattern, shadow, tone, texture, and site. Aerial photographs contain a detailed record of the ground at the time of exposure. Authors blow the changes of natural environment by database for interpretation of aerial photo. In this paper, authors choose the Pusan National University located at the Kum-Joung Koo, Pusan as model area. Ten year of interval in 1980 and 1990, authors know the rate of forest decreasing is approximately 41 percents and the necessity of the protection of foreast. Authors suggest the combination of construction and protection of environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 1999

This paper analyzed vegetation and land use classification, slope and permanent preservation and legal reserves on the farm Jangada and Jamaica-Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, using satellite image for assisting the planning of planting Eucalyptus spp. This part of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul represents an important geopolitcal area, since it is located on the borders of Bolivia and Paraguay. Also exportation of goods can be achieved through hydrovias extending to Buenos Aires, Argentina-through the Paraguay River. Also there are road and railroad connection which link the soutreastern part of Brazil to the Andean countries. The vegetation map from sheet SF 21-Campo Grande of the RADAMBRASIL Project was used as the basis for the preliminary interpretation of coverage, and complemented by a visit of the field. After the initial interpretation of the image, definition of classes of use and land occupation were made, and files of spectral signatures were created. On the farms Jamaica and Jangada Open Arboreal Savanna and Grass Savanna are the predominant physiognomies occupying 68% of total area. In spite of the results being satisfactory at the present moment, the development of this project should be revised and adjusted based on the evaluations already made, including a greater detailing of environmental components, principally with respect to soil and topography.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.14 no.1 s.35
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• pp.13-19
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• 2006

When investigating the damage of a forest fire, quite a few are depending on the naked eye observation. However, if the damage spreads to another area, it is easy to use the satellite images because it is hard to reach all the damaged areas on foot. From this research, we did a statistical interpretation of after fire using satellite image data to classify the damage on first and second factor analysis. As a result, it was more easier to classify the river's plants and ridges between rice fields that were in the forest fire damage area in the second observation then the first observation. Also, we could classify the area by areas that were damaged more or less using the second factor analysis. To verify this, we used the forest fire images collected from the satellite images and the actual survey data collected from spectral radiometer to see if these two datawere correlated and as a result we found out that they were highly involved.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 2010

To provide baseline information essential for assessing environmental impacts of monsoon rainfalls in a mountainous watershed under mixed land use, we investigated spatiotemporal variations in water quality using a combined approach of seasonal water quality survey and intensive storm samplings. Biannual water sampling at nine locations encompassing major land use types showed generally lower electrical conductivity and Cl- concentrations during the typical wet period compared to the dry period, indicating rainfall-induced dilution of dissolved ions. Total metal concentrations, however, were significantly higher during the monsoon period, probably associated with rainfall-induced increases in suspended sediments. Intensive storm sampling during a small monsoon rainfall event (18 mm) and an extreme event (452 mm) showed rapid changes in both suspended sediments and dissolved solutes in an agricultural stream draining the Haean Basin where arable lands have expanded rapidly over the recent decades. By contrast, a nearby forest stream derived from North Korea showed little responses to the small event compared to larges changes during the extreme event. In the agricultural stream total Pb concentrations showed significant positive relationships with suspended sediments. Although limited sampling frequency and locations require a cautious interpretation, the overall results suggest that expansion of agricultural fields in steep mountainous watersheds can increase the susceptibility of soil erosion and its off-site environmental impacts under increasing rainfall variability and extremes.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2019

Background: Camellia sinensis L.(CS) is a perennial evergreen species of plant whose leaves are used to produce tea. In this plant species, the parts used are the leaves, sub-branch parts are thrown out. Methods and Results: Ethanol extract of sub-branch parts was used for isolation of major compounds by column chromatography. Structures were identified as caffeine (1), (-)-epicatechin (2) and (-)-epicatechin gallate (3) by interpretation of spectroscopic analysis, including $^1H$- and $^{13}C$-NMR. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to compare the quantitative level of marker compounds in various extraction solvents of sub-branch parts of CS. The content of caffeine, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin gallate in 30% ethanol extract showed higher value with $3.28{\pm}0.57mg/g$, $5.53{\pm}0.88mg/g$, and $1.29{\pm}0.24mg/g$, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicated that not only leaves parts but also sub-branch, could be a good source for the functional material and pharmaceutical industry.