• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.82-94
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• 2009

In this study, I suggest dyed-Glued laminated woods by using birch woods which are relatively cheaper than others. Since the dyed-Glued laminated woods which have the various colors to satisfy people's tastes and the dignified grains in the old woods enable us to product freely, these can provide us with stability of supply through replacing rare materials. The making wooden furniture designed with dyed-Glued laminated woods has these following characteristics. (1) This method which uses various colored woods can fulfill consumers' tastes through dyeing wooden plates, instead of using domestic woods which have limited colors-white, yellow and black. (2) Gathering wooden plates made by setting them into various frames enables us to get in large quantities of the materials with good grains, which we can only take from old woods. (3) Producing culture products using various colors and grains has enabled us to satisfy consumers and to create pro-environmental pieces. In conclusion, this study can be an alternative idea to forest resources which have been decreasing, and be an application method of using cheaper birch woods as well. Gathering and dyeing wooden plates might bring about the economic effect and be of much help to the expansion as furniture materials as well as interior ones.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1765-1771
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• 2007

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method was developed to detect the DNA of Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt in various crop plants. One pair of primers (RALSF and RALSR), designed using cytochrome c1 signal peptide sequences specific to R. solanacearum, produced a PCR product of 932 bp from 13 isolates of R. solanacearum from several countries. The primer specificity was then tested using DNA from 21 isolates of Ralstonia, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Xanthomonas, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi. The specificity of the cytochrome c1 signal peptide sequences in R. solanacearum was further confirmed by a DNA-dot blot analysis. Moreover, the primer pair was able to detect the pathogen in artificially inoculated soil and tomato plants. Therefore, the present results indicate that the primer pair can be effectively used for the detection of R. solanacearum in soil and host plants.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.27-32
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• 2013

To improve the physical properties, such as swelling and flexibility, of the cotton fiber, sodium hydroxide or cellulase was used for pretreatment before the beating process. Titanium dioxide was blended during beating process to improve the fibrillation of cotton fibers and even distribution of fillers to cotton fibers. Blending with titanium dioxide during beating process, led to improve the tensile strength and beating degree This treatment also improved the opacity, resulted by well dispersed titanium dioxide during blending. By the blending of titanium dioxide during beating process, similar impact of cotton fiber with cellulase or sodium hydroxide pretreatment was achieved. To improve the tensile strength and opacity of cotton paper simultaneously, titanium dioxide blending in during beating process was found as effective treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2011

Due to the increase of oil price and the environmental issue such as the emission of volatile organic compounds, the necessity for developing alternative resins of petroleum-based adhesive resins, which have extensively been used for the manufacture of wood-based products, has been speculation since the early 1990. In our study, rapeseed flour (RSF), which is the by-product of bio-diesel produced from rapeseed, were hydrolyzed by enzymes. As a crosslinking agents of the RSF hydrolyzates, phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers (PF) were prepared. The RSF hydrolyzates and PF were mixed to complete the formulation of RSF-based adhesive resins, and the resins were applied to make the laminated veneer lumber (LVL). The physical and mechanical properties of the LVL were measured to examine whether RSF can be used as raw materials of adhesive resins for the fabrication of LVL or not. The average moisture content and soaking delamination rate of the LVL bonded with RSF-based adhesive resins exceeded the minimum requirement of KS standard. Moreover, thermal analysis of the RSF-based resins showed similar tendencies except for the RSF-based adhesive resins formulated with pectinase-hydrolyzed RSF. The bending strengths of the LVL were higher than that of the LVL made with commercial PF resins. These results showed the potential of RSF as a raw material of alternative adhesives for the production of LVL. Further works on the optimal conditions of RSF hydrolysis and spreading characteristics for RSF-based adhesive resins is required to improve the adhesive performance of RSF-based resins.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.132-139
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• 2007

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) regularly provides the eight-day gross primary productivity (GPP) at 1 km resolution. In this study, we evaluated the uncertainties of MODIS GPP caused by errors associated with the Data Assimilation Office (DAO) meteorology and a biophysical variable (fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation, FPAR). In order to recalculate the improved GPP estimate, we employed ground weather station data and reconstructed cloud-free FPAR. The official MODIS GPP was evaluated as +17% higher than the improved GPP. The error associated with DAO meteorology was identified as the primary and the error from the cloud-contaminated FPAR as the secondary constituent in the integrative uncertainty. Among various biome types, the highest relative error of the official MODIS GPP to the improved GPP was found in the mixed forest biome with RE of 20% and the smallest errors were shown in crop land cover at 11%. Our results indicated that the uncertainty embedded in the official MODIS GPP product was considerable, indicating that the MODIS GPP needs to be reconstructed with the improved input data of daily surface meteorology and cloud-free FPAR in order to accurately monitor vegetation productivity in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.177-185
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• 2012

The interest to develop adhesives from renewable resources is growing to substitute petroleum-based adhesive resins in the manufacture of wood based panels. In our study, rapeseed flour (RSF), which is the by-product of bio-diesel produced from rapeseed, were hydrolyzed with acid and alkali. As a crosslinking agents of the RSF hydrolyzates, phenol-formaldehyde prepolymers (PF) were prepared. The RSF hydrolyzates and PF were mixed to complete the formulation of RSF-based adhesive resins, and the resins were applied to make the medium density fiberboard (MDF). The physical and mechanical properties of the MDF were measured to examine whether RSF can be used as raw materials of adhesive resins for the manufacture of MDF or not. The average moisture content and density of the MDF made with RSF-based adhesive resins satisfied the minimum requirement of KS standard, but the thickness swelling was not. The bending strengths of the MDF made with RSF-based adhesive resins were lower than that of the MDF made with commercial UF resins, but the internal bonding strengths of tested MDF in some make-up conditions of RSF-based adhesive resins were higher than that of MDF made with commercial UF resins. These results showed the potential of RSF as a raw material of adhesives for the production of MDF. Future works on the optimal manufacturing process conditions of MDF made with RSF-based adhesive resins are required to improve the performance of MDF made with RSF-based resins.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

The technology of fast pyrolysis is regarded as a promising route to convert lignocellulose biomass into bio-oil which can be upgraded to transportable fuels and high quality chemical products. Despite these promises, commercialization of bio-oil for fuels and chemicals production is limited due to its notoriously undesirable characteristics, such as high and changing viscosity, high water and oxygen contents, low heating value and high acidity. Therefore, in this study quality improvement of bio-oil through vaccum distillation had been targeted. A 600 g of cork oak(Quercus variabilis) which grounded 0.8~1.4 mm was processed into bio-oil via fast pyrolysis for 1.64 seconds at $465^{\circ}C$ and temperature of vaccum distillation(100hPa) was designed to control, $40^{\circ}C$, 50, 60, 70, and 80 for 30min. Bio-oil, biochar, and gas of pyrolytic product were produced to 62.6, 18.0 and 19.3 wt%, respectively. The water content, viscosity, HHV(Higher Heating Value) and pH of bio-oil were measured to 0.9~26.1 wt%, 4.2~11.0 cSt 3,893~5,230 kcal/kg and 2.6~3.0, respectively. Despite these quality improvement, production was still limited due to its notoriously undesirable characteristics, therefore continous quality improvement will be needed in order to use practical fuel of bio-oil.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.713-740
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• 2006

In this paper, we examine what factors should be considered in cost-benefit analysis of a resource-developing project as cos and benefit item. According to this study, the reduction in forest product value and the reduction in function to clean air pollution should be included as a environmental cost. However, the reduction in recreation function and function in cleaning water need not to be included. We also calculated a cost-benefit of developing project for lime mineral of A company by applying these factor just mentioned. This paper concluded that the net benefit of this project is positive and the range of the value is from 689,900million won to 1,784,000million won.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2018

Bamboo culm comprises internodes and nodes and is tapered from the bottom to the top. Anatomically, bamboo culm comprises vascular bundles and parenchymal base tissue. The gross anatomical structure of a transverse section of any culm internode is determined by the shape, size, arrangement, and number of vascular bundles. The purpose of this research was to examine the morphology of culm and the distribution and shape of vascular bundles in Ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Bamboo culms were harvested from the base. Test samples were obtained from a central 2-cm long segment of each internode across the entire length of the culm. Results showed an uneven spread of vascular bundles in the internode cross-section. Transitioning from the outer to the inner layer of the internode, the number of vascular bundles per unit area decreased and their shape was variable. The size of vascular bundles in the middle layer of the internode was greater than that of those in the outer and inner layers. The shape of vascular bundles was circular in the outer layer, which gradually transformed into vertical oval toward the middle layer and horizontal oval toward the inner layer. Vascular bundles were of type III and IV in the bottom of the culm and type III in the middle to the top of the culm.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.40-49
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• 2013

In the beginning of $20^{th}$ century, the coal mining industry had an important role in Japan at which two-thirds of the coal product came from the Kitakyushu-Chikuho District (KCD). As a consequence of mining activities, land-use condition in this district showed notable changes. This paper presented a study of land-use changes in coal mining area by characterizing land-use pattern transition over the last 100 years. In order to carry out the rigorous analysis of land-use, a series of land-use maps over the last 100 years was developed using geographic information systems (GIS). The historic topographic map and another available old data were used to investigate the long-term changes of land-use associated with past mining within the GIS platform. The results showed that the utilization of a series of developed land-use maps successfully indicated the difference of land-use pattern in the KCD before and after the peak of mining activities. The general findings from land-use analysis described that forest and farm lands were lost and turned into abandoned sites in the last 100 years.