• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.250-257
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• 2003

Purpose: Pilon fracture is caused by high energy and axial compression forces, and it is often associated with severe comminution and soft tissue injury. Recently, limited internal fixation of this fracture may avoid the soft tissue complications associated with formal open reduction and internal fixation and avoid incongruity of joint margin associated with conservative treatment. We have treated Ovadia and Beals type II or III pilon fracture with limited internal fixation and the results were satisfactory. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 15 cases of Ovadia and Beals type II or III fractures who were treated by limited internal fixation(K-wire or screw fixation) from January 1995 to December 2000. The average follow up period was 20 months(range, 12 to 38 months). According to the Ovadia and Beals classification, seven cases were type II, and eight cases were type III. Radiographic results were assessed by Ovadia and Beals criteria. We also assessed the functional results by Mast and Teipner criteria. Results: Radiographic results showed good in 67% and fair in 33% of cases. Clinical results showed good in 73% and fair in 27% of cases. There were no complications such as wound infection and skin necrosis, but traumatic arthritis were 2 cases. Conclusion: Pilon fractures are high energy injuries with significantly associated soft tissue damage and traumatic arthritis. Limited internal fixation offers good solution to Ovadia and Beals type II or III fracture.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 2019

Objectives: Flatfoot, or low medial longitudinal arch, contributes to back and lower extremity injuries and is caused by weak abductor hallucis (AbdH) muscles. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short foot exercise (SFE) alone or with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on navicular height, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity in flexible flatfoot. Methods: Thirty-six otherwise healthy people with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to a group that received SFE with placebo NMES treatment (the control group) or a group that received both SFE and NMES treatment (the experimental group). Each group received 4 weeks of treatment (SFE alone or SFE with NMES). Navicular height, the CSA of the AbdH muscle, and AbdH muscle activity were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: No significant differences were found in navicular height or the CSA of the AbdH muscle between the control and experimental groups, while AbdH muscle activity showed a statistically significant difference between the groups ($SFE=73.9{\pm}11.0%$ of maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]; SFE with $NMES=81.4{\pm}8.3%$ of MVIC; p<0.05). Moreover, the CSA of the AbdH muscle showed a statistically significant increase after treatment in the SFE with NMES group ($pre-treatment=218.6{\pm}53.2mm^2$ ; $post-treatment=256.9{\pm}70.5mm^2$ ; p<0.05). Conclusions: SFE with NMES was more effective than SFE alone in increasing AbdH muscle activity. Therefore, SFE with NMES should be recommended to correct or prevent abnormalities in people with flexible flatfoot by a physiotherapist or medical care team.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2021

Purpose: Fractures are common in the military population, but limited studies have investigated the incidence of fractures among Korean military personnel. Hence, this study aimed to clarify this issue. Methods: Eligible subjects were patients who had sustained a fracture and were registered in the N-DEMIS (the medical records system of participating hospitals) from June 2017 to May 2019. Fractures were categorized according to the fracture site, patients' age, sex, and type of duty. Results: In total, 23,687 patients with 23,981 fractures were included. There were 216 patients with multiple fractures, of whom 156 had fractures at two sites, 42 had fractures at three sites, and 18 had fractures at four sites. Of the 23,687 patients, 23,340 were men and 347 were women. The incidence of fractures in men and women was 12.96 per 1,000 person-years and 0.19 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. In terms of the broad location of fractures, the percentage of fractures was the highest in the hand, followed by the foot and lower leg. When the location of fractures was analyzed more specifically, the percentage of fractures was the highest in the phalanx (thumb and fingers), followed by the ankle and metacarpal bones. Conclusions: Hand, foot, ankle, and wrist fractures were the most commonly encountered fractures in the Korean military population. To prevent the loss of combat power due to non-battle-related injuries, thorough preparation is necessary, including protective equipment and preliminary training for areas with a high frequency of fracture occurrence.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 2024

A reverse sural flap is a surgical procedure to repair soft tissue defects, usually in the ankle region. This procedure involves moving a tissue flap from the calf to cover a defect in the ankle. The flap is turned 180° so that the tissue around the wound is supplied with blood by the vessels at the base of the flap, typically preserving the sural nerve and artery. This method is particularly valuable when thick and robust tissue is required to cover defects resulting from traumatic injuries, chronic wounds, or post-skin tumor removal when the local tissue is insufficient for direct closure. In this case, a patient who had undergone surgery for a chronic ulcerative lesion on the Achilles tendon three years prior to presentation at the authors' hospital was treated using a half-width reverse sural flap. Modifications to the sural flap design may be crucial considering the surgical history, blood supply, and defect size around the lower leg. In particular, previous surgeries for lower leg fractures or ligament damage may limit blood supply and require flap design modifications.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1992

The purpose of this study is to obtain the effective concentration of capsaicin to relieve pain with no change in the number of C-fibers and its effective duration for pain relief. Capsaicin has been used extremely as a experimental tool and as topical medications for acute or chronic tissue injuries and partial nerve injury is the main cause of causalgiform pain disorders in humans. Here, the left sciatic nerve was ligated unilaterally at the high level of the thigh to prepare an animal model of this pain condition. The rat developed guarding behavior of the ipsilateral hind paw within a few hours after the operation and this behavior was maintained for several months thereafter, suggesting the possibility of spontaneous pain. These animals were divided into two groups(4-week & 8-week) and each group was subdivided into five groups by different concentration (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 & 2.0%). Each capsaicin concentration was treated locally on the spinal cord-side of the ligated nerve and the foot withdrawal latency was measured. Thereafter, the dorsal roots of L5 were removed from both sides immediately after in tracardial perfusion for the counting of C-fibers by the histological procedure. There were no significant differences in the foot-withdrawal latency and the number of C-fibers between the left side treated with 0.05% capsaicin and the right side treated with the vehicle. However, latencies of the left sides treated with 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% capsaicin increased significantly throughout 4-6 weeks with almost no change in the number of C-fibers, and the latencies showed the trends to approach slowly to those of the conditions after operation. The latency of subgroup treated with 2.0% increased by approximate 10% more than that of the right side throughout 8 weeks, and the number of C-fibers decreased by about 30% or more These results suggest that the elevated latency with capsaicin(0.1-1.0%) treatment is due to the inhibition of impulse transmission throughout the primary afferent fiber and the data from 2.0% are due to partial destruction of C-fibers. Therefore, capsaicin concentrations from 0.1% to 1.0% are probably very effective for the treatment of causalgiform pain with almost no destruction of C-fibers.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1999

The Taekwondo being a martial sports, there are higher chances for the injury to occur than the non martial sports. Therefore, this study analyze the frequency, the area, the type, and the condition of the injury which are prone to occur in the Taekwondo matches; it is to help the Taekwondo players in prevention of the injury and in treatment. The subjects of this study were the 48 players (male 24, female 24) who participated in the final selection contest of the national team player on March 9 to 12, 1993. The data of the injury were obtained from the medical recoder staff and were analyzed to the frequency of the injury per match, the vulnerable area of the injury, the type of injury, and the condition of the injury with a gender difference. There were 24 matches for the male and 24 matches for the female, total 48 matches. Therefore, the total participation number of the players are the double of the match number. 1. The frequency of the injury per match was 18.3%(11/60) for male and 23.1%(12/52) for women. 2. The areas of the injury were ankle 36.4%(4), foot 18.2%(2), knee 18.2%(2), lower leg 18.2%(2), wrist 9.1%(1) in male; foot 33.4%(4), ankle 16.7%(2), knee 16.7%(2), lower back 16.7%(2), lower leg 8.3%(1), face 8.3%(1) in female. 3. The types of the injury were contusion 45.5%(5), sprain 27.3%(3), abrasion 9.1%(1), laceration 9.1%(1), tendon rupture 9.1%(1) in male; contusion 33.3%(4), sprain 33.3%(4), abrasion 16.7%(2), subcutaneous hemorrhage 8.3%(1), dislocation 8.3%(1) in female. 4. The condition of the injury were the unblocked attack 36.4%(4), attacking kick 27.3%(3), blocking a kick 18.2%(2), attacking punch 9.1%, impact with surface 9.1%(1) in male; attacking kick 33.3%(4), unblocked attack 25%(3), blocking a kick 25%(3), attacking punch 8.3%(1), impact with surface 8.3%(1) in female. This study shows that the injury from the Taekwondo matches occurred most in the lower extremity joints and the foot, and shows that the most of the injury types were contusion and sprain. Therefore, it is believed to be helpful to wear the proper fitting ankle or the knee protector and using other protective equipment to prevent the sports injury in the Taekwondo matches.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.38-45
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• 2005

This study was deigned to identify the effect of electromyographic activity of knee extensor during contralateral hip isometric adduction. six young adults who had not experienced any knee injuries were recruited. Their Q-angles were within a normal rage. They were asked to sit on the table. The EMG activities of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were recorded in sitting by surface electrodes and normalized by MVC EMG values derived from manual muscle test. The EMG activity levels of the VL, RF, and VMO were the highest when foot was externally rotated. The EMG activity level of VMO/VL ratio did show significant differences(p<.05). The onset time of vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) was similar in contralateral hip isometric adduction(p<.05).

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 2006

Purpose: To investigate the health problems and health services in child day care centers. Methods: Data were collected from 115 teachers at 16 child day care centers in Seoul city. A questionnaire was used to collect data, which were analyzed with the SPSS 12.0 program. Results: Most teachers had experienced various child health problems such as colds, hand․foot․mouth diseases, chicken pox, skin injuries, nasal bleeding, vomiting and diarrhea. Furthermore, they even experienced some serious ones including dysentery, measles, asthma and seizures, which demand professional skill. However, there were no registered nurses and most teachers requested that parents take a child home when these health problems happened. Only 31.3% of the child care centers had a teacher with CPR training. Approximately half of the centers kept child health records which included reports on allergic substances, and medical history but only 18.7% of the child care centers offered regular immunizations for the children. Conclusion: Various health problems were found in child day care centers. To maintain the children's health, there is a need to develop and make provisions for health services and programs in child day care centers.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 1997

One hundred and thirty-seven patients had reconstructive surgery of injured feet with microsurgical technique in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Yonsei University College of Medicine from 1983 to 1997. The results were as follows: 1. There were 89 cases in men and 48 cases in women, who together had a mean age of 21.3 years. 2. The causes of injuries were 97 cases from traffic accidents, 15 cases from burns, 11 cases from machinery injury, 5 cases from infection, 2 cases from falling, 2 cases from glass injury, 2 cases from snake bite, 2 cases from explosive injury, and 1 case from ulceration. 3. There were 47 cases with inguinal flaps, 36 cases with scapular flaps, 36 cases with parascapular flaps, 7 cases with deltoid flaps, 4 cases with lateral thigh flaps, 3 cases with latissimus dorsi flaps, 2 cases with tensor fascia lata flaps, and 2 cases with dorsalis pedis flaps. 4. One hundred and twenty-seven(92.7%) cases were successful in reconstructive surgery with microsurgical technique. 5. Functionally, the thick skin flap or sensory flap has less ulceration and good protective sensation. We considered that the function and cosmetic appearance were excellent after reconstructive surgery of the injured feet with microsurgical reconstructive technique and that the thick skin flap or sensory flap has less ulceration and good protective sensation.

• Advances in Automotive Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.61-77
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• 2018

In this study, the effects of sitting position of the driver on the whiplash neck injury have been analyzed experimentally by using hybrid III series 50 percentile male crash test dummy. A testing platform consisting of vehicle ground, driver foot rest, driver seat and a 3-point seatbelt has been prepared. This testing platform and the instrumented crash test dummy are prepared for tests according to the Euro NCAP whiplash testing protocol. The prepared test set-up has been exposed to 3 different acceleration-time loading curves defined in the Euro NCAP whiplash testing protocol by performing sled tests. 9 different sled tests have been performed with the combinations of 3 different seating positions of the crash test dummy and 3 different acceleration-time loading curves. The sensor data obtained from the crash test dummy and high-speed videos taken are analyzed according to the injury assessments criteria defined in the Euro NCAP whiplash testing protocol and the criticality of the whiplash injury is defined. It is seen that the backset distance of the driver head with the headrest and the height difference of the top of the head of the driver with the headrest have a great importance on whiplash injuries.