• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.109-120
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• 1999

The characteristics of Korean women's foot shape were extracted by analyzing foot measurements. 14 measurements were measured from foot outline and 12 conventional measurements were taken on the right foot of 386 Korean women from 18 to 86 years. The results indicate that women's foot shape is changed with aging. The young subjects' feet were longer than the foot length of older subjects. The metamorphosis angle of the women over age 45 was greater than the measurement of women under age 45. The typical Korean women's foot shapes characterized by cluster analysis were (1) small foot with little deformity on great toe, (2) wide foot with big deformity on great toe, and (3) thick and narrow foot with moderate deformity on great toe. These results indicate that the foot height and the degree of deformity on great toe are needed to be considered in developing the shoe last for Korean women. The specialized shoe last needs to be developed for elderly.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-38
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• 2015

The checkrein deformity describes tethering of the flexor hallucis longus tendon, which mainly occurs after fracture of the distal tibia. The deformity increases with dorsiflexion of the ankle and decreases or disappears with plantarflexion of the ankle. In some cases, the deformity may occasionally include the second and third toes. In the current study, the authors experienced secondary checkrein deformity of all lesser toes after open reduction and plate fixation for comminuted fracture of the calcaneus. As a treatment, plate and screws were removed, followed by an additional medial incision which showed a partially ruptured flexor digitorum longus tendon with severe adhesion. Resection of the adhesed tendon and tenodesis of its distal portion to the flexor hallucis longus was performed for correction of the checkrein deformity. Then the lessor toe checkrein deformity recovered immediately. The authors report on this rare lessor toe checkrein deformity after calcaneal fracture fixation with a review of literature.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2016

The cavus foot is a deformity characterized by an elevated medial longitudinal arch and a hindfoot varus with plantarflexed 1st ray. The etiology of cavus foot is usually related to neuromuscular disease or idiopathic cause. Thorough clinical and radiographic evaluation is required for differentiating etiology of the cavus. Most cases of cavus foot are stable and slowly progressive deformities which can initially be managed with conservative treatment including orthoses and physical therapies. Determining whether the deformity is flexible or rigid, the apex of the deformity and any muscle imbalances in foot and ankle is important for achievement of an adequately balanced plantigrade foot. Treatment should include systematic preoperative planning for selection of appropriate procedures for maintaining a functional and flexible foot with combinations of soft-tissue release, osteotomy, tendon transfer, and arthrodesis.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

The purpose of this study were to analyze the anthropometric data of feet of Korean women with aging, to categorize the women's foot shapes, and to compare the shoe size according to the foot shapes in order to provide the basic information for more comfortable shoes. Subjects of this study were 181 women over age 20. They were measured with the direct measurement method and the indirect measurement method. 26 items were measured from the right foot and 6 items were taken on foot outline. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, post-hoc test, and cross tabs were peformed for statistical analysis of the data by SPSS program. There were significant differences in height items, breadth items, girth items, and angle items by subjects' age. The older subjects' feet were wide and thick with big deformity on toes. The arch height of the older ones was low. This implicates that the degree of deformity on toes, the foot ratio, the foot girth, the foot breath and the arch height as well as the foot length are needed to be considered in developing comfortable shoes. Nine foot construction factors were extracted by the factor analysis of anthropometric measurements; foot size factor, heel and instep factor, malleolus lateralis factor, malleolus medialis factor, foot shape factor, shape of toes factor, heel height factor, big toe height factor, and internal factor. On the basis of the cluster analysis, three different foot shapes were categorized. Type 1 was large and wide foot with little deformity on little toe. Type 2 was medium foot with deformation of big toe, and with the lowest arch height. Type 3 was small and narrow foot with the highest arch height. Distribution of shoe size according to the foot shape was analyzed. The ball of foot breath was of wide distribution than the ball of foot girth. This implicates that girth items and breath items of the foot should be enclosed for the same foot length in the shoe sizing system.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.69-72
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• 2015

We report on a case of post-burn contracture and right foot deformity in a 37-year-old female who underwent two surgical interventions at the age of seven years. The patient remained well without any associated problems until she presented to our hospital at the age of 37 years with severe pain and right foot deformity. A few treatment modalities have been reported, and amputation has been suggested as the best approach. However, our patient was treated with a talonavicular arthrodesis and a soft tissue procedure, which resulted in a stable, plantigrade, and pain-free foot with an unsupported, bipedal gait.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.274-278
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• 2003

Rare complications of distal tibia fracture are claw-toe deformity, cavus deformity and checkrein deformity. These complications may be due to contracture of the muscles of the deep posterior compartment of the leg after a compartment syndrome. These 4 cases were treated by selective tendon lengthening of flexor tendon at the retromalleolar level.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2009

Calcaneal or calcaneovalgus deformity can occur after surgical treatment of equinus or eguinovarus deformity in cerebral palsy patient. It is a serious complication and the results of many conservative and operative treatments are reported unsatisfactory. We experienced one case of both calcaneovalgus deformity following operative treatment of diplegic equinovarus deformity in a spastic cerebral palsy patient and report about the result of the treatment.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to find the relationship between women's shoes wearing trait and their foot shape. 203 women in their twenties were participated in the experiment. The subjects' feet were measured with a 3D foot scanner and their foot shapes were classified into five types by factor analysis and cluster analysis in the previous study. In addition to the five foot types, three foot types classified by foot index were also utilized for this study. This study analyzed the trait of their shoe wearing and the areas of discomfort on the foot when they wore shoes. The results of the experiment show that the size of shoe size-foot size mismatching and the foot areas of discomfort wearing shoes were differentiate by foot types. It shows that the subjects with long foot, wide fore foot shape, or fore foot angle deformity wore larger size shoes than their foot size. The foot areas of discomfort with wearing shoes were different according to the foot types. Subjects with wide fore foot shape or fore foot angle deformity had discomfort at the front shoe area. The subjects with straight toes had the least discomfort. The foot discomfort areas differentiated according to foot index type. The foot types with wide ball width experienced discomfort at the front of the ball and the top of the foot.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.111-113
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• 2004

In neurogenic equinovarus deformity, surgical intervention such as tendon transfer or osteotomy can be expected to improve symptoms. However, in rare cases of hereditary spastic paraplegia, the deformity and paralysis gradually progress. So limited operation and early post-operative rehabilitation are preferred to aggressive operation. We would like to report our clinical experience with one case of hereditary spastic paraplegia patient with reference review. A 40 year-old male, given tendon transfer of ankle and foot and tendo achilles lengthening 10 years ago, complained about aggravated spastic paraplegia which resulted in dynamic equinovarus and limited walking ability since his operation. Family history showed limited walking ability of his father with gradually progressing spastic paralysis and he was diagnosed as hereditary spastic paraplegia type I. We had performed a limited operation such as tendo achilles and tibialis posterior lengthening to induce plantigrade standing and walking with crutch. As a result, the patient was able to maintain a stabilized standing posture and walk after the operation. Hereditary spastic paraplegia presents with a progressive paralysis which limits rehabilitation after tendon transfer, and the symptoms can be aggravated. Therefore, considering potential hereditary neurogenic disorders in paients with equinovarus deformity and performing limited operative procedures seem to be important.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2014

Purpose: Reconstructive surgeries for equinocavovarus foot deformities are quite variable, including hind-midfoot osteotomy or arthrodesis, soft tissue procedure, tendon transfers, etc. Comprehensive evaluation of the deformity and its etiology is mandatory for achievement of successful deformity correction. Few studies in this field have been reported. We report on the clinical and radiographic outcome of reconstruction for cavovarus foot deformities. Materials and Methods: The study is based on 16 feet with cavovarus foot deformities that underwent bony and soft tissue reconstructive surgery from 2004 to 2008. We evaluated the etiologies, varieties of surgical procedures performed, pain score, functional scores, and patient satisfaction and measured the radiographic parameters. Results: The average age at the time of surgery was 39.4 years old, with a male/female ratio of 9/4 and an average follow-up period of 23.9 months (range, 12~49 months). The etiologies of the cavovarus deformity were idiopathic 7 feet, residual poliomyelitis 5 feet, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2 feet, and Guillain-Barre syndrome and hemiplegia due to cerebrovascular accident sequela 1 foot each. Lateral sliding calcaneal osteotomies were performed in 12 feet (75%), followed by Achilles tendon lengthening and plantar fascia release in 11 feet (69%), and first metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomy/arthrodesis and tendon transfer in 10 feet (63%). Visual analogue scale pain score showed improvement, from an average of 4.2 to 0.5 points. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score showed significant improvement, from 47.8 to 90.0 points (p<0.05). All patients were satisfied. Ankle range of motion improved from $27.5^{\circ}$ to $46.7^{\circ}$. In radiographic measurements, calcaneal pitch angle improved from $19.1^{\circ}$ to $15.8^{\circ}$, Meary angle from $13.0^{\circ}$ to $9.3^{\circ}$, Hibb's angle from $44.3^{\circ}$ to $37.0^{\circ}$, and tibio-calcaneal axis angle from varus $17.5^{\circ}$ to varus $1.5^{\circ}$ Conclusion: We achieved successful correction of cavovarus foot deformities by performing appropriate comprehensive reconstructive procedures with improved functional, radiographic measures and high patient satisfaction.