• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2013

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of Alismatis Rhizoma in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Methods : male and female rats were administered orally with Alismatis Rhizoma water extract of 1,000 mg/kg (low dosage group), 2,000 mg/kg(middle dosage group) and 4,000 mg/kg(high dosage group). We daily observed number of deaths, clinical signs and gross findings for 7 days. After 7 days, we measured body and organs weight. Also we analyzed hematological changes. Results : No dead SD rats and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period. Also other specific changes were not found between control and treated groups in hematology and serum biochemistry. In addition no significant changes of gross body and individual organs weight. Conclusions : These results suggest that water soluble extract of Alismatis Rhizoma has not acute oral toxicity and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 4,000 mg/kg in SD rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.68-78
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• 2014

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Methods : Male and female rats were administered orally with Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz water extract of 1,000 mg/kg(low dosage group), 2,000 mg/kg(middle dosage group) and 4,000 mg/kg(high dosage group). We daily observed number of deaths, clinical signs and gross findings for 7 days. After 7 days, we measured body and organs weight. Also we analyzed hematological changes. Results : No dead SD rats and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period. Also other specific changes were not found between control and treated groups in hematology. But we found out subtle changes in body weight and individual organ weight of the female group. In addition specific changes were observed in serum biochemical value of female group. Conclusions : These results suggest that water soluble extract of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz has not acute oral toxicity and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 4,000 mg/kg in SD rats. Also Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz is expected to be sensitive with respect to the female.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2015

The objective of this study is to characterize a toxicity of Epimedii Herba (EH) in F344 rats and to find a dose levels for the 13 weeks toxicity study. EH is well known as medicinal herb in many Asian countries for traditional medicines of antibacterial and antiviral effects, estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, and for treatment of osteoporosis, hypotensives, fatigue, kidney disorders, and related complications. However, the indispensable and basic information of toxicological evaluation of EH extract is insufficient to support its safe use. Therefore, we conducted toxicological evaluation of this drug in compliance with OECD and MFDS guideline in this study. The extract of EH was administered orally to F344 rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1000, 2000, 3500, and 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Each group was composed of 5 male and female rats. In this study, there were no treatment of EH-related adverse changes in clinical observations, mortality, body weights, food consumption, urinalysis, gross finding at necropsy, and organ weight examination. Total red blood cell count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, total cholesterol, and phospholipid were decreased in males and females at 5000 mg/kg/day compared to the control animals. Mean corpuscular volume and reticulocyte counts were increased in males and females at 5000 mg/kg/day compared to control animals. Therefore, we recommend that dose level of 5000 mg/kg/day is a highest treatment group in 13-week EH extract exposure study for further toxicity assessment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.387-395
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• 1994

The effect of vitamin C on th egramoxone toxicity in the duodenal globlet cells of rats were investigated suing histochemical methods. Rats in control, gramoxone and gramoxone+vitmain C (Vt.C) group, aged 6 to 7 weeks, were fed 18% casein diet. In th egramoxone group, neutral and acid mucins of the globlet cells in villi and crypts of duodenum tended to decrease as compared with the control group. And the globle cells secreting nonsuphated mucins tended to increase in number, being usually accompanied by a decrease of the globlet cells secreting suphated mucins which are prominent in the duodenal mucosa of control group. However, the goblet cells secreting nonsuphated mucins tended to increase in the gramoxone + Vt.C group. Morphological changes of the globlet cells in the gramoxone group were noted vacuolation and demolition of globlet cells, while those changes were not significant in the gramoxone +Vt. C group. It seems to be that Vt. C has alleviating effects on the gramoxone toxicity in secretion and production of the duodenal goblet cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.261-271
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• 1996

It has been reported that G009, polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum IY009 has various pharmacological effects, such as antinflamatory, antiviral, anticarcinogenic and immunmodulation effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the subacute toxicity of orally administered G009 in Sprague-Dawley rats. Groups of 40 male and 40 female rats were gavaged with 0, 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. No drug-related deaths and clinical morbidities were resulted. There was no drug-related effect on the body weight gain, food consumption and water consumption. Statistically significant changes were observed in several hematological and biochemical parameters of G009-treated groups; however, most of these changes were within normal range and had no relationship to dosage. Urinalysis and bone marrow biopsy showed no remarkable changes in all treated groups. Gross necropsy and hisopathology revealed no evidence of specific toxicity related to G009. Our data indicate that no-observed effect level of G009 is estimated to be above 2,000 mg/kg/day in rats.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.66-78
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• 2010

Acute (24 h) and chronic (90 days) oral toxicity studies on the ethanol extract of Trigonella foenumgraecum Leguminosae (L.) seeds were carried out. Acute dosages were 0.5, 1.0 and 3 g/kg while chronic dosage was 100 mg/kg per day of the extract. All morphological, biochemical, haematological and spermatogenic changes, in addition to mortality, body weight changes and any change in vital organs were recorded. Histopathological investigations were done on vital organs. Growth arrest in the treated animals was observed. The treated mice gained no significant weight during chronic treatment while there was a significant gain in body weight of the control group mice. Biochemical studies revealed a significant decrease in blood sugar levels of fenugreek treatment groups while haematological parameters remained comparable to the control. In the treatment, male group there was a significant decrease in weight of testes as compared to the control. There was a marginal weight gain in kidney weight of mice after chronic treatment as compared to the control. Fenugreek chronic treatment caused a highly significant spermatotoxic effects in male mice.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.137-140
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• 1995

The pufferfish Takifugu obscurus (hwang-bok) was examined for toxicity. Forty-six specimens, which had Gaught at the Imjin River in 1992 and 1993, Korea, were collected and assayed for anatomical distribution of toxicity by the mouse assay method. Ovary and liver showed very strong toxicity, testis, intestine, gall bladder and spleen did moderate toxicity, muscles and skin did weak toxicity, and blood was non-toxic. The results of this study were different from those of Tani, who had examined the toxicity in 19 species of pufferfish, in terms of toxicity in testis, muscle, and skin. The toxicity of testis and muscle had been known to be non-toxic or weakly toxic previously, however, they were known to have weak or moderate toxicity. Therefore, careful attention should be taken to prevent food poisoning by pufferfish ingestion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.960-964
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• 2007

This study was performed to examine the toxicity of Psoralea corylifolia L. by the single-dose oral toxicity tests in rat and bacterial reverse mutation assay. In single-dose oral toxicity tests, 5 mL ethanol extract of P. corylifolia L. were directly injected into 10 rats (5 males and 5 females) at a dosage of 2 g/kg. Death practice was not detected during breeding periods (14 days), and $LD_{50}$ was calculated over 2 g/kg. No difference were observed with control group in the growth rate and histological observations. In bacterial reverse mutation assay, his(-) Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and trp(-) Escherichia coli WP2uvrA (pKM101) were used for assessing the toxicity of ethanol extracts of P. corylifolia L.. No significant difference in formation of the colonies and no dose-dependent increase was observed regardless of the addition of S9 mix. The results showed that ethanol extracts of P. corylifolia L. did not have single-dose oral toxicity and mutagenic toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2011

Pyrimisulfan is a herbicide. In order to register this new pesticide, the series of toxicity data on animal testing were reviewed to evaluate its hazards to consumers and also to determine its acceptable daily intake. Pyrimisulfan was excreted mostly by feces. It has low acute oral toxicity while it has no dermal, ocular irritation and skin sensitization (As the result of subchronic and chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity showed changes of hematology and liver.). Two-generation reproduction toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and prenatal development toxicity were not proven. Therefore, the ADI for Pyrimisulfan is 0.1 mg/kg/ bw/day, based on the NOAEL of 10 mg/kg/ bw/day of 90-days repeated dose oral toxicity study in dogs while applying an uncertainty factor of 100.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2010

Statins are competitive inhibitors of hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and used most frequently to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and to decrease cardiovascular events. However, statins also have been reported to have undesirable side effects such as myotoxicity and hepatotoxicity associated with their intrinsic efficacy mechanisms. Clinical studies recurrently reported that statin therapy elevated the level of liver enzymes such as ALT and AST in patients suggesting possible liver toxicity due to statins. This observation has been drawn great attention since statins are the most prescribed drugs and statin-therapy was extended to a larger number of high-risk patients. Here we employed rat primary hepatocytes and microarray technique to understand underlying mechanism responsible for statin-induced liver toxicity on cell level. We isolated genes whose expressions were commonly modulated by statin treatments and examined their biological functions. It is of interest that those genes have function related to response to stress in particular immunity and defense in cells. Our study provided the basic information on cellular mechanism of statin-induced cytotoxicity and may serve for finding indicator genes of statin -induced toxicity in rat primary hepatocytes.