• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.631-642
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• 2007

This study was an investigation of obesity, food habits and daily nutrient intakes of the 4th grade elementary school students in daejeon. A total of 148 children(male:71, female:77) participated in the study. We classified the subjects into normal group and obese group according to the grade of obesity indices by body fat ratio(BFR), 70% of the male and 31% of the female were obese group. The average height, weight were $140.1{\pm}4.9cm$, $33.0{\pm}3.6kg$(obese group), $141.9{\pm}5.7cm$, $42.0{\pm}3.6kg$(normal group) for the male, $141.2{\pm}6.4cm$, $42.4{\pm}6.2kg$(obese group), $139.5{\pm}6.4cm$, $33.0{\pm}4.5kg$(normal group) for the female. Weight showed a noticeable increase in the obese group, but height was not statistically significant. In dietary habits, it wasn't statistically significant but male obese group showed statistically increase in terms of eating fast(p>0.05) and eating snacks before sleeping(p>0.01) and female obese group was higher in frequency of eating out a month than normal group. Energy intakes of obese group was more than normal group and the average intakes of Vit. A, folic acid, Ca, were below the RI. The average intakes of vit A, vit C, folic acid, Ca, were also below the RI in normal group. The average intakes of vit A, folic acid, Ca, Fe were below the RI in female. Especially in female the intake of Ca was only 53.6%(obese group), 56.4%(normal group) of RI. From these results, we knew prevalence of obesity in elementary school students were high and obese groups were high in energy intakes but low in essential nutrients. Therefore we have to try to prevent and treat childhood obesity. So nutrition education of balanced diet and good dietary habits is needed for elementary school students.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.761-774
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• 2015

This study examines the dietary life, weight control, perceived body image, self-esteem, and eating disorder of female college students residing in Korea and China. With approval by the IRB of Pusan National University, a survey was conducted in Korea and China. A total of 574 subjects participated in the survey, and they were divided into three groups: 153 Korean female college students residing in Korea (KSK), 180 Chinese female college students residing in Korea (CSK), and 241 Chinese female college students residing in China (CSC). The group of underweight subjects far exceeded the overweight and obese groups, but there was no significant difference (p<0.05). The CSC group showed the highest food intake frequency and eating habit scores, and the KSK group, the lowest (p<0.05). However, the KSK group showed the highest daily life habit score, followed by the CSK and CSC groups, in that order. All groups showed high weight control experience rates mainly for losing weight. In particular, the KSK group showed a much higher rate than the CSC and CSK groups. All groups wanted much thinner body shapes than their actual shapes, resulting in high percentages of body image dissatisfaction. The KSK group showed a higher self-esteem score than the CSC group. The average EAT-26 score was similar across the three groups, but the percentage of eating disorders was much higher in the KSK group than in the CSC and CSK groups.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2747-2751
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• 2013

In this study we assessed the dietary phytochemical index in relation to the risk of breast cancer in women. This case-control study was conducted on 100 incident breast cancer cases and 175 healthy controls. Data regarding socio-demographic factors, medical history, medications, and anthropometric measurements were collected. Dietary data were obtained using a validated food frequency questionnaire and a energy-adjusted dietary phytochemical index (PI) was calculated. The odds ratios of breast cancer were assessed across energyadjusted PI quartile categories. The mean age of participants was $46.2{\pm}8.9$ and $45.9{\pm}9.4$ years in cases and controls, respectively. The mean PI across quartile categories was $13.9{\pm}2.6$, $21.1{\pm}1.8$, $26.7{\pm}2.1$, $41.6{\pm}10.2$ in the first, second, third and fourth quartiles, respectively. After adjustment for all potential confounders, the risk of breast cancer in the forth quartile of dietary PI was significantly decreased (OR=0.08, 95%CI=0.01-0.84). Higher intake of phytochemical-rich foods is associated with lower risk of breast cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.487-496
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• 1998

The survey was conducted in July first to 15th, among 463 elementary school students, 4th grade to 6th grade in Chonj. The subjects were 252 male and 211 female students. The mean age of the subjects was 9.8 year The percent of relative body weight of the subjects compared to Korean standard was 100.1%, it almost matched to Korean standard. The percent of relative body weight in male students was 100.4%, where as the female's was 99.7%. Thirty six percent of the subjects have breakfast irregularly. The reason skipping breakfast were 'no appetite' 50.5%, 'get up late' 35.8%,' no delicious food' 18.2%. The reason skipping breakfast was significantly different by sex and obese index. The frequency taking snack was significantly different by sex, 34.6% of female subjects took snack more than twice per day, while 16.7% of male subjects did it. The most frequently taking snack were fruits, the points was 4.0 of 5.0. Ramyun, Sundai were taking more frequently among males than females. Females took fruits more frequently than males. Hot dog, ice cream ,and chocolate intakes were significantly different by obese index. The most preference of snack were fruits and ice cream in all subjects. The preference of ramyun, hamburger, egg, chicken, dried squid, milk, peanut, and soft drink were higher in males than in females. Biscuit, ice cream, and chocolate preference were significantly different in obese index.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.801-809
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• 2019

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is a deciduous shrub of a flowering plant in Oleaceae. It is an important plant resource and consists of only one species in the entire world. A. distichum Nakai is well known an edible, medicinal herb in its habitat districts, but the toxicological evaluation for the safe use of its extract is still insufficient. The study characterized the toxicity of an Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and determined the safe dosage levels in a 13 weeks toxicity study. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract was orally administered once daily for 2 weeks at 0, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day to male and female SD rats. while recording the clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, food intake/consumption, eye test and urine analysis. Only the total protein frequency in the urine of male SD rats (p<0.05), the right ovary of the 500 mg/kg group (p<0.01) and the right adrenal gland of the 1,000 mg/kg group (p<0.05) in the female rats showed statistically significant changes. But no toxic effects were noted from repeated-dose administration of the Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in the SD rats during the observation period. The post-mortem examinations showed no test substance-mediated changes. The hematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry data demonstrated no toxic effects from repeated-dose administration of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in the SD rats during the observation period. Based on these results, this data suggests that a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day is a highest treatment to administer when conducting a further 13 weeks toxicity study.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.342-351
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary behavior of day-care center teachers and their meal attitudes during meal time in Jeonju area. Self administered questionnaires were collected from 266 day-care center teachers who worked in a national(public) or private day-care center. The Statistical data analysis was conducted using SPSS v. 12.0. All subjects were women, and 64.7% were married(p<0.001), over more than 60% were junior college graduates(p<0.05), and 73.7% had salaries greater than 1,000,000 won(p<0.001). The breakfast skipping ratio of the subjects was very high, and about 66.5% of the respondents had irregular meals. The snack intake ratios of the subjects in private day-care centers were higher than the subjects in national(public) day-care centers(p<0.001). Approximately 56% of the subjects responded that education about eating is very important for providing balanced nutrition to young children. About 84% of subjects had no experience with the continuing-education program for teachers(p<0.01), and they wanted to know more about balanced nutrition. The meal attitude education score during meal time was $4.53{\pm}0.36$. The relationship between meal attitude education and the dietary behavior of day-care teachers was significantly different based on the "frequency of overeating"(p<0.05) and "self-recognition of eating habit"(p<0.05). These findings suggest that a nutrition education program for day-care center teachers should be developed so that they can effectively manage meal attitude education for young children and provide good nutrition for themselves.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.565-574
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• 2016

This study investigated eating behaviors of high school students (209 males and 230 females) in Daegu region by gender. As a result of analyzing breakfast intake frequency, 'Not rarely eat' showed the highest (25.1%), followed by '5 times a week' (24.4%), '2 times a week' (17.3%), '3 times a week' (15.0%), '1 time a week' (11.6%), and '4 times a week' (6.6%). Regarding reasons for skipping breakfast, 'lack of time' showed the highest percentages. For their breakfast, 53.5% of students ate boiled rice with side dishes. Regarding reasons for skipping breakfast, 'buy and eat snack' showed the highest percentages. Regarding favorite breakfast menu, 'rice roll, rice ball, rice burger' showed the highest percentage (55.4%), followed by 'bread & cereal' (28.7%) and 'fruits & vegetable' (7.7%). Regarding purchase of breakfast alternatives, 'Yes' was highest. Considering actors for choosing a breakfast alternative, there is a need for 'convenience of food consumption', 'spending less time', 'easy cooking', 'favorite menu' and 'taste' of the breakfast alternative. When asked how much they like breakfast alternative menus, they responded that they liked 'rice roll, rice ball, rice burger' (3.91), 'bread & cereal' (3.67), 'fruit & vegetable' (3.66), 'noodle' (3.39), 'porridge' (3.18) and 'rice cake' (3.07). This result shows that breakfast menus should be developed according to high school students preferences.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-94
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have reported chocolate consumption has beneficial effects on blood pressure, obesity, and dyslipidemia, which are components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, evidence regarding these relationships in Asia is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate relations between chocolate consumption and MetS in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Study subjects were 6,982 adults aged 19-64 years free of major chronic diseases that participated in the 2014-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Information on chocolate consumption was obtained using food frequency questionnaires. For primary analysis, subjects were divided into two groups: non-consumer (n = 3,741, 53.6%); consumer (n = 3,241, 46.4%). In order to investigate dose-response effects on MetS, chocolate consumers were divided into quartiles based on amounts consumed: Q1 (n = 789, 24.3%); Q2 (n = 837, 25.8%); Q3 (n = 863, 26.6%); Q4 (n = 752, 23.2%) in second analysis. RESULTS: Chocolate consumers; 1) were more physically active(P < 0.0001); 2) less likely to smoke(P < 0.0001); 3) paid more attention to food nutrition labels (P < 0.0001), and 4) had healthier dietary patterns, that is, they consumed vegetables, fruits, and dairy products more frequently(P < 0.0001) than non-consumers. Furthermore, chocolate consumers had a 30% lower risk of MetS (odds ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.86; P = 0.0005). However, dose-response effects between chocolate intake and MetS was not found by secondary analysis after excluding non-consumers. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, chocolate consumers had healthier lifestyles and dietary patterns and a lower prevalence of MetS than non-consumers, as determined by our primary analysis. Although dose-response effects were not found to be significant among chocolate consumers during secondary analysis, the patterns were partially similar. This cross-sectional finding shows chocolate consumption does not increase the risk of MetS. The prospective studies and intervention trials in Korea are needed to confirm this cross-sectional finding.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the eating behavior, growth, and dietary practices of children aged 3~5 years living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi Provinces. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 237 mothers of preschool children between April and June 2018. Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age were calculated to determine the children's growth status. Dietary practices were evaluated using the nutrition quotient for Korean preschoolers (NQ-P). Results: In our study, 29.5% of children were in the eating-small-amounts group, 46.8% of children were in the neophobic behavior group, and 61.2% of children were in the refusal-of-specific food group. Specific foods found to have a high frequency of rejection are listed in descending order as follows: shellfish, soy, mushroom, shrimp, vegetables, milk, eggs, yogurt, seaweed, meat, fruits, and fish. The eating-small-amounts group had lower Z-scores for weight-for-age, height-for-age, and BMI-for-age than the non-picky eaters' group. Compared to the non-picky eaters' group, the eating-small-amounts group of picky eaters had lower scores on the moderation and environment items of the NQ-P, the neophobic behavior group had lower scores on the balance and environment items of the NQ-P, and the refusal-of-specific food group had lower scores on the balance, moderation, and environment items of the NQ-P. Conclusions: Children classified with picky eating behavior had lower growth and development, lower diet diversity, less balanced food intake, and had greater difficulty in abstaining from eating unhealthy foods than non-picky eaters. Therefore, a lot of patience and intensive efforts are needed to encourage children to encounter, experience, and accept unfamiliar food. It is more effective to provide eating behavior guidance by gently encouraging children, than by being strict and forceful. Besides, since the eating behavior of children is influenced maximally by the dietary lifestyle at their homes, it is important to ensure that a healthy dietary lifestyle is maintained at home.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-113
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• 2022

This study compared the pattern of purchasing nutritional supplements and obtaining nutrition information and the Nutrition Quotient of adults who exercise regularly according to the frequency of muscle training (LM, muscle training less than two days/week; MM, 2~3 days/week; HM, more than three days/week). Compared to the other groups, significantly more men in the HM group answered that they had purchased supplements and would repurchase them. They presented "increasing muscle mass" as the purpose of buying them and "types and contents" as the major factor to consider before buying. The supplements that significantly more subjects in the HM group purchased than in the other groups were protein supplements, BCAA (Branched-chain amino acid), arginine, and caffeine supplements for men and protein supplements, BCAA and carnitine for women. Compared to the other groups, significantly more men and women in the HM group reported "trainer" as the major source of nutrition information, and significantly more men in the HM group reported "increasing muscle mass" as the 1st topic of nutrition education that they wanted to receive and were satisfied with the information that they obtained. Most of all, males and females in the HM group had significantly a higher Nutrition Quotient than in the other groups. The differences between males and females in variables regarding exercise, the patterns of using supplements and acquiring nutrition information, and Nutrition Quotient were also found. These results can provide basic data for developing educational materials emphasizing the wise consumption of nutrition information, including supplement intake.