• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.294-303
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• 2018

In this study, eco-friendly natural dyeing for pig leather was explored by using onion skin which is food waste. Sodium caseinate was used as a pre-treatment agent to improve dyeability of pig leather and its effect on dye uptake was investigated according to treatment concentration. Dye uptake of the pre-treated pig leather was increased by about two times compared to untreated one at 0.2% pre-treatment concentration. Onion skin colorant imparted YR color on pig leather. After mordanting, the color of pretreated/dyed pig leather was varied from brick-red to khaki shades. However, mordanting did not improved dye uptake of the pre-treated/dyed pig leather significantly. The color-fastnesses of un-mordanted samples to light, dry cleaning, rubbing were grades 3-4, 5, and 4, respectively, which is good enough to meet all Korean Standard for Fastness of leather products. After mordanting, the light fastness of pig leather was improved to 4, 4-5 grade. The efficacy of sodium caseinate as a pre-treatment agent for pig leather was verified by improved dye uptake and good colorfastness. And, the natural dyeing of pig leather using food waste would be a significant sustainable way in terms of eco-friendliness and reuse of biomass to reduce environmental pollution.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1421-1430
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• 2009

With an aim to evaluate dye decolorization by white rot fungus on natural living conditions, reproducing by solid-state fermentation, the process of triphenylmethane dyes decolorization using the white rot fungus P. ostreatus BP, cultivated on rice straw solid-state medium, has been demonstrated. Three typical dyes, including malachite green, bromophenol blue, and crystal violet, were almost completely decolorized by the fungus after 9 days of incubation. During the process of dye decolorization, the activities of enzyme secreted by the fungus, and the contents of soluble components, such as phenolic compounds, protein, and sugar, changed regularly. The fungus could produce ligninolytic, cellulolytic, and hemicellulolytic enzymes and laccase was the most dominant enzyme in solid-state medium. Laccase, laccase isoenzyme, and the laccase mediator could explain the decolorization of malachite green, bromophenol blue, and crystal violet by the fungus in solid-state medium, respectively. It is worth noting that the presence of the water-soluble phenolic compounds could stimulate the growth of fungus, enhance the production of laccase, and accelerate dye decolorization.

• Advances in environmental research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.217-230
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• 2014

The large quantity of green cull bananas has the potential of being used industrially and, thereby, to improve banana economics and eliminate the large environmental problem presented by banana waste. Wastewaters from textile, cosmetics, printing, dying, food colouring, and paper-making industries are polluted by dyes. The adsorption of basic dye by waste banana pith was investigated by varying dye concentrations, adsorbent dose, particle size and agitation rate. The adsorption capacity was found to be maximum value of removal by using 0.1 g of sorbent with particle size 1mm at mixing speed 200 rpm for initial concentration 25 mg/l to reach value of approximate 89%. The Langmuir, Temkin and Freundlich adsorption models were used for mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium and it was found that experimental data fitted very well to these models except Langmuir model. Adsorption of dye was applied on (pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetics), and the experimental data was more fitted to pseudo second order. The results of this study showed that banana pith could be employed as effective and low-cost materials for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.265-271
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• 1992

Derivatives (microcrystalline chitin, carboxymethylchitin, acetylchitin, N-acetylchitosan, ethylchitosan and chitosansulfate) of chitin and chitosan were synthesized, and the physicochemical properties of the derivatives were compared with those of chitin and chitosan. Carboxymethylchitin was soluble in water or acetic acid, whereas chitosan and ethylchitosan were soluble in acetic acid alone. The water binding capacity of N-acetylchitosan was two fold higher than that of chitin. Lipid binding capacity of carboxymethylchitin was the highest, holding 1800%, and that of chitin was the lowest, holding 511% among the derivatives. Carboxymethylchitin among the derivatives showed the highest emulsifying capacity, however chitin and chitosan didn't produce emulsions. Dye binding capacity of acetylchitin was the highest, holding 0.93 mg dye/g sample (Blue R-250) and 0.96 mg dye/g sample (Red No. 2). It was concluded that carboxymethylchitin is a good emulsifier and N-acetylchitosan, chitosansulfate and chitosan are suitable for use as dye absorbents.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.217-223
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• 1991

A capillary method was used to evaluate the properties of mass transfer process and diffusion coefficients in the gel food. Amaranth dye was selected as a diffusant material to visualize the degree of diffusion procedure easily. After contacting cylinder containing agar gel with amaramth dye solution for some hours, the gel was cut to five segments by 0.5 cm in length. The diffusant concentration from the segments were measured by the spectrophotometer at 523 nm. Prediction models for the diffused quantities in gel food were established by the regression program of SPSS package program. Generally, diffusion coefficient can be calculated by Fick's second law, however, it will be determined by using numerical analysis method more easily. Finally the diffusion coefficients in this research were calculated by arithmetic mean of the measured values. As raising gel agent concentration, the mean diffusion coefficient tended to decrease because the obstruction effect came to become significant.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2020

This study aimed to develop an analytical method for determination of 18 dyes in livestock and fishery products by liquid chromatograph-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The developed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, limit of quantifications (LOQ) and recovery based on the CODEX guideline (CAC/GL-71). Target matrices (beef, pork, chicken, egg, milk, flatfish, eel, and shrimp) were extracted using acetonitrile (containing 1% of acetic acid) and then, purified with C₁₈ and primary secondary amine (PSA). Calibration linearity was obtained (r²>0.98) and LOQs were 0.002 mg/kg in animal products. The recoveries of dyes were ranged from 63 to 112% and relative standard deviations (RSDs, %) were less than 15%. The residues of 18 dyes were investigated in real samples (n=124) collected from retail markets in South Korea. As a result, a total of seven samples showed positive results for target analytes in fish samples. However, there was no violation according to the maximum residue limits set by the Korean Food Code. The proposed method will be used for routine analysis of dye residues in livestock and fishery products.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.479-486
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• 1999

A measurement method for the deposition amount of spray, using tracer and spectrophotometer was developed. Food colors was selected as tracer, because it was cheep and easily treatable. Using NIRS(Near Infrared Reflection Spectrophotometer), regression curves between absorbance spectrum and concentration of the tracer were obtained. Yellow food colors showed the peak of spectrum at 452nm, and absorbance of peak showed a tendency to increase as concentration increased. Also, the possibility of concentration control by heating was investigated.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2004

Understanding flow pattern of water and solute in subsurface is essential for the reduction and prevention of contamination of soil and groundwater and for the investigation and remediation of contaminated site. The objective of this study is to examine the infiltration pattern in a soil developed from the Jurassic granite using (Brilliant Blue FCF $C_{37}H_{34}N_{2}Na_{2}O_{9}S_{3}$), the nonfluorescent and nontoxic food dye. All image processing was conducted using geographic image processing software, ER Mapper, Version 6.2. The dye coverage was determined by counting the stained pixels in the photographs (80${\times}$80cm, 80TEX>${\times}$5cm) for the vertical and horizontal view. A homogeneous matrix flow occurred in the A horizon with weak, medium granular structure and fingering at the interface of finer-textured A horizon and coarser-textured C horizon. Pegmatitic vein originated from the granite and plant root in C horizon induced preferential flow.

• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.298-303
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• 2004

In general, a SYPRO Ruby dye is well known as a sensitive fluorescence-based method for detecting proteins by one-or two-dimensional SDS-PAGE (1-DE or 2-DE). Based on the SYPRO Ruby dye system, the combined two-dimensional fibrin zymography (2-D FZ) with SYPRO Ruby staining was newly developed to identify the Bacillus sp. proteases. Namely, complex protein mixtures from Bacillus sp. DJ-4, which were screened from Doen-Jang (Korean traditional fermented food), showed activity on the zymogram gel. The gel spots on the SYPRO Ruby gel, which corresponded to the active spots showing on the 2-D FZ gel, were analyzed by a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric analysis. Five intracellular fibrinolytic enzymes of Bacillus sp. DJ-4 were detected through 2-D FZ. The gel spots on the SYPRO Ruby dye stained 2-D gel corresponding to 2-D FZ were then analyzed by MALID TOF MS. Three of the five gel spots proved to be quite similar to the ATP-dependent protease, extracellular neutral metalloprotease, and protease of Bacillus subtilis. Also, the extracellular proteases of Bacillus sp. DJ-4 employing this combined system were identified on three gels (e.g., casein, fibrin, and gelatin) and the proteolytic maps were established. This combined system of 2-D zymography and SYPRO Ruby dye should be useful for searching the specific protease from complex protein mixtures of many other sources (e.g., yeast and cancer cell lines).

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.343-348
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• 2006

This study aims to attain gray tone dyed goods by using tannin that is contained in green tea. Tannin is given general name of polyphenol, which has a characteristic that bonds with protein and it is used for food preservative that protects against bacteria, as well as its purpose of black tone dye for silk treatment that has been processed since its early ages. In particular, as tannin reacts with all kinds of metallic mordant and changes to various colors, when tannin acid is combined with iron, it becomes tannin steel and produces gray tone color. Tannin that is contained in green tea is condensed tannins and its structure does not hydrolyze, thus having flavan type structure. In order to find the suitable condition for processing tannin, UV-Vis part absorption spectrum of green tea tannin, dye ability based on temperature and time, reflection rate based on concentration, color changes based on acid treatment and alkali treatment, changes on surface based on concentration or metal mordant condition, and lightfastness were measured. Maximum absorption wavelength (${\lambda}_{max}$) of green tea tannin was at around 273nm, while strong absorption was also observed at below 350 nm. Dye ability of green tea tannin is done more easily on silk rather than cellulose fibers such as cotton, while the optimum condition for dyeing was observed to be at $60^{\circ}C$, for 20 minutes. As a result of acid treatment, the color of dye material consisted highly of gray tones and showed overall gray tone with the combined color of yellow and red after the alkali treatment. While it was observed that as dye concentration and metal mordant concentration increased, the color changed at counter-clockwise direction on the Y-scale of Munsell's scale of colors. Additionally, lightfastness was more on a normal fading.