• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.129-131
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to present a case of persistent parotid fistula treated successfully with preoperative botulinum toxin type A injection into the parotid parenchyma, followed by fistulectomy. Methods: A 72-year-old female patient presented to the hospital with a 5-month history of clear, watery discharge from a tiny opening on the left cheek, which increased during food intake. A chemistry test of the fluid revealed an high amylase level. An ultrasonography of left parotid gland showed a $1.13{\times}0.6cm$ sized fistula. After demarcating the left parotid gland with assistance of ultrasonography, a total 40 units of botulinum toxin type A (Botox, Allergan, Irvine, CA) was injected into 4 subdivisions of the left parotid gland. The clear serous discharge ceased completely on the 5th day after botulinum toxin injection. On the 7th day, a fistulectomy was performed under the local anesthesia. Results: The parotid fistula healed completely without complications. During the 6-month follow up period, there was no discharge from the cheek. Conclusion: On the basis of our experience with type A botulinum toxin as a local anticholinergic agent in treating parotid fistula, preoperative botulinum toxin A injection seems to be very useful to prevent recurrence after fistulectomy.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.53-56
• /
• 2020

A wild juvenile bean goose (Anser fabalis serrirostris) was rescued after sustaining an extensive degloving injury around the neck and chin region. Except for the degloving injury, physical and radiographic examination detected no other trauma-induced abnormality. On the day of presentation to the hospital, the patient underwent extensive debridement and suturing. A twice-daily force feeding with diluted parrot weaning food was required during the hospitalization due to severe anorexia. On day 18, the bean goose was moved to the aviary to undergo rehabilitation and feeding by itself. Management of the severe degloving injury of the cervical region with medical intervention and nutritional assistance was successful in this case, and the results of this case shows the proper management can be implemented to produce satisfactory outcomes.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.64 no.4
• /
• pp.391-397
• /
• 2021

Four compounds were isolated from Salvia plebeia aerial parts. Silica gel open column chromatography with a gradient elution system was used to isolate and purify these compounds. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy were used for structural elucidation and identification, while electronic circular dichroism was used to confirm the absolute configuration. The structures were determined to be 𝛽-sitosterol (1), (-)-1S,5S,8S,10R-1-acetoxy-8-hydroxy-2-oxoeudesman-3,7(11)-dien-8,12-olide (2), ursolic acid (3), and N-methylhydroxylamine (4). Compounds 2 and 4 were isolated for the first time from this plant. Compound 2 was quantitatively analyzed via HPLC/UV. The results showed that the methanol extract of S. plebeia had a higher content of compound 2 (1.20 mg/g) than the ethanol extract (0.55 mg/g). This study could be used as a preliminary step in conducting HPLC/UV analysis of sesquiterpenoids in S. plebeia extract to assess their bioavailability and potency.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.8_spc
• /
• pp.1244-1255
• /
• 2019

Dairy goat production continues to be a socially, economically and culturally important part of the livestock industry in North, Central and South America and the Caribbean islands. Goat milk, cheese and other dairy products offer consumers food products with nutritional, health and environmental benefits. In North America, Mexico produces the greatest volume of goat milk, but most is for family or local consumption that is typical of a mixed farming system adopted by subsistence farmers in dry areas. The United States is not yet a large global goat milk producer, but the sector has expanded rapidly, with dairy goat numbers doubling between 1997 and 2012. The number of dairy goats has also increased dramatically in Canada. Commercial farms are increasingly important, driven by rising demand for good quality and locally sourced goat cheese. In South America, Brazil has the most developed dairy goat industry that includes government assistance to small-scale producers and low-income households. As of 2017, FAO identified Haiti, Peru, Jamaica, and Bolivia as having important goat milk production in the Western Hemisphere. For subsistence goat producers in the Americas on marginal land without prior history of chemical usage, organic dairy goat production can be a viable alternative for income generation, with sufficient transportation, sanitation and marketing initiatives. Production efficiency, greenhouse gas emission, waste disposal, and animal welfare are important challenges for dairy goat producers in the Americas.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.47-56
• /
• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in the degree of significance and satisfaction perceived by college students and ordinary consumers on the HMR product attributes. Comparison of the difference on HMR product attributes between ordinary consumers and college students who belong to the current and future consumption groups of HMR will provide information for clear marketing strategies and PR on target consumers from the aspects of companies. Also, overall difference on HMR was investigated through IPA(importance-performance analysis) on significance and satisfaction with each product attribute. This result will provide information to food companies that produce or supply HMR products to be supplemented and improved. Finally, IPA was conducted between groups on product attribute to find which difference exists between groups. This result is also expected to provide crucial information to companies as suggested in the first purpose. Research design, data, and methodology - The procedure of analysis is as follows. First, independent sample t-test was conducted on the significance and satisfaction on HMR product attributes. Second, with using IPA, the significance and satisfaction on HMR product attributes of the respondents were checked to investigate marketing strategy direction on overall HRM products. Third, the difference between generations was verified using IPA on the college student and consumer groups. According to this result, the direction of marketing strategy on HRM products was to be proposed to food companies. Results - It was known that consumers consider HMR product attributes statistically and significantly such as nutrient content(nutrition), country of origin, brand, main raw material, packaging, and awareness of manufacturer. They keep after purchase more importantly than college students who considered only volume and price than consumers. In comparison with the difference in satisfaction on HMR product attributes, the college student group was more satisfied than ordinary consumers only in flavor, condition of food additives, and volume. Also, HMR related food companies must maintain taste, cooking method, manufacturing date, expiration date, and safety on current products continuously. Finally, as a result of analysis from the groups, the attributes such as cooking method, manufacturing date, expiration date, and safety were considered significantly with high achievement by the two groups. It was known that college students considered food texture to be important, but consumers considered storage method to be important after purchasing it. Conclusions - There is necessity to differentiate effectiveness of products when releasing HMR products subject to consumers and college students. The result will give great assistance to the improvement of companies, produce or supply HMR products. It will also provide entry strategies on target groups of companies that are planning for entry. The factors that consumers commonly considered not to be significant were brand, package form(appearance), cooking time, and sale(purchase) location, which were found in the comparison with the groups that awareness about manufacturers and storage method after purchase corresponded to college students and that distribution route corresponded to ordinary consumers.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.152-164
• /
• 2014

This research attempts to analyze the significant factors that affect the level of expectation and satisfaction of parents on cooking activities for their child(ren) by comparing the levels of their original expectation and satisfaction; based on the understanding of the educational values and effects of cooking activities for children. To conduct the empirical studies, 254 survey samples were collected from the parents who have had their child(ren) participate in cooking activities; in addition, the data was processed and analyzed by using various comparative statistical analysis; including t-test, IPA analysis, regression analysis, one-way ANOVA. And Duncan's multiple test was added to verify the outcome afterwards. As the result of the research, the expectation and satisfaction of parents who let their child(ren) participate in cooking activities were significantly different by such variables as 'improvement of linguistic expression,' 'development of understanding numbers and scientific concepts,' 'extension of capability to give his/her emotional expressions,' 'assistance in soothing his/her psychological stresses.' Besides, 'educational contents and methods' were revealed as another factor that influenced parents' satisfaction, and it is clarified that the level of satisfaction is significantly different according to the organizations offering activity programs.

• Mycobiology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.144-148
• /
• 2010

$\beta$-Glucans have been known to exhibit antitumor activities by potentiating host immunity by an unknown mechanism. The C-type lectin dectin-1, a $\beta$-glucan receptor, is found on the macrophage and can recognize various $\beta$-glucans. Previously, we demonstrated the presence of $\beta$-glucan receptor, dectin-1, on the Raw 264.7 cells as well as on murine mucosal organs, such as the thymus, the lung, and the spleen. In order to investigate immunopotentiation of innate immunity by $\beta$-glucan, we stimulated a murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cell line with $\beta$-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Laminaria digitata. Then, we analyzed cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and interleukin (IL)-6 by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition we analyzed gene expression patterns in $\beta$-glucan-treated Raw 264.7 cells by applying total mRNA to cDNA microarray to investigate the expression of 7,000 known genes. When stimulated with $\beta$-glucans, the macrophage cells increased TNF-$\alpha$ expression. When co-stimulation of the cells with $\beta$-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a synergy effect was observed by increased TNF-$\alpha$ expression. In IL-6 expression, any of the $\beta$-glucans tested could not induce IL-6 expression by itself. However, when co-stimulation occurred with $\beta$-glucan and LPS, the cells showed strong synergistic effects by increased IL-6 expression. Chip analysis showed that $\beta$-glucan of P. ostreatus increased gene expressions of immunomodulating gene families such as kinases, lectin associated genes and TNF-related genes in the macrophage cell line. Induction of TNF receptor expression by FACS analysis was synergized only when co-stimulated with $\beta$-glucan and LPS, not with $\beta$-glucan alone. From these data, $\beta$-glucan increased expressions of immunomodulating genes and showed synergistic effect with LPS.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.1185-1200
• /
• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In the United States, one in every 5 children is obese with greater likelihood in low-income households. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have accelerated disparities in child obesity risk factors, such as poor dietary intake and increased sedentary behaviors, among low-income families because of financial difficulties, social isolation and other struggles. This study reveals insights into nutrition and health challenges among low-income families of young children in West Texas to better understand needs and develop interventions. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In-depth individual interviews were performed via Zoom among 11 families of children under the age of 3. A semi-structured interview guide was developed to explore 3 areas: changes in (1) dietary intake and (2) sedentary behaviors and (3) families' preferences regarding a parent nutrition education program. Each interview was audiorecorded, transcribed, and coded using MaxQDA software. RESULTS: Eating together as a family become challenging because of irregular work schedules during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most parents stated that their children's dietary habits shifted with an increased consumption of processed foods. Many parents are unable to afford healthful foods and have utilized food and nutrition assistance programs to help feed their families. All families reported that their children's screen time substantially increased compared to the pre-pandemic times. Moreover, the majority of parents did not associate child screen time with an obesity risk, so this area could be of particular interest for future interventions. Meal preparation ideas, remote modality, and early timing were identified as key intervention strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Online nutrition interventions that emphasize the guidelines for child screen time and regular meal routines will be effective and promising tools to reach low-income parents for early childhood health promotion and obesity prevention.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.416-429
• /
• 2020

Objectives: This study examined the personal, interpersonal and community factors related to food sufficiency and variety among Korean adults using data from the 2017 Community Health Survey. Methods: A total of 228,310 adults aged ≥ 19 years were classified into three groups: food sufficiency with variety, food sufficiency without variety and food insufficiency. Personal factors included sociodemographic characteristics, health behavior and health status. Interpersonal factors included social networking and social activities, and community factors included safety, natural environment, living environment, availability of public transportation and health care services. The association of food sufficiency and variety with interpersonal and community factors was assessed using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the total sample, the food-sufficiency-without-variety group and food insufficiency group accounted for 31.5% and 3.2%, respectively. The sociodemographic factors associated with food insufficiency and non-variety were women, ≥ 65 years of age, with low education level, low household income, unemployed, single, and living in areas of small population sizes. There were significant differences in health behavior and health status, interpersonal and community factors among the three groups. Multivariable logistic regression analyses conducted after adjusting for confounding factors showed that lack of social networking and social activities and lower satisfaction derived from community environments were associated with the risk of food insufficiency and non-variety. Conclusions: Our results showed that interpersonal and community factors as well as personal factors were related to food sufficiency and variety. Therefore, public policies to help build social networks and participation in social activities, and improve community environment are needed together with food assistance to overcome the problems of food insufficiency and non-variety.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.54 no.2
• /
• pp.179-198
• /
• 2021

Purpose: This study examined general characteristics, health status, accessibility to medical services, health-related quality of life, dietary behavior, and energy and nutrient intakes of the elderly at different levels of food security utilizing data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016-2018). Methods: The elderly subjects (1,721 males and 2,271 females) were divided into 3 groups (secure, mildly insecure, moderately/severely insecure) according to their food security levels. Health and nutrient status was determined using energy intake, nutrient density, the prevalence of insufficient nutrient intake, dietary behavior, and health status. Results: The elderly with food insecurities had a lower self-evaluated health status and a higher prevalence of physician-diagnosed chronic diseases such as arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis for males, and hypertension, stroke, arthritis, and osteoarthritis for females. The associated financial burden was the major reason for not accessing medical services in the food insecure group. Furthermore, the food insecure group had a higher risk of impaired health-related quality of life compared to the secure group. The proportion of subjects with an energy intake below the estimated energy requirement was higher in the food insecure group and a significantly higher prevalence of insufficient intake was observed for all the nutrients (proteins, vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, niacin, vitamin C, calcium, and iron) assessed in this study compared to the food secure group. Conclusion: This study suggests that food insecurity poses a challenge to the health and nutritional status of the elderly population in Korea and needs proper management. It would be helpful to develop food and nutrition assistance programs to ensure the food stability of the elderly population and assure quality to address gaps in their nutrient intake.