• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.387-395
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• 2011

We analyzed the estimated daily intake of sweeteners in the Korean population, using data from national health and nutrition studies regarding the concentration of sweetener in each type of food, food intake by gender, age group, and weight. The level of safety of these sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) data established by the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of sodium saccharin was $52.31{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$, $55.06{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$ acesulpham-K, $145.47{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$ aspartame, and $93.86{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$ sucralose per day. The percentages in relation to ADI were 1.0%, 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.6% respectively, which were all within safe levels. The relatively higher-consuming groups were taking $783.12{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$ sodium saccharine, $4,399.09{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$ aspartame, $1,557.09{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$ acesulpham-k, and $2,700.72{\mu}g/kg{\cdot}bw$ sucralose per day, and their intake levels as a percentage of ADI were 15.7, 11.0, 10.4, and 18.0%, respectively, which were all within safe levels.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.459-464
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• 2017

Biphenyl is used as an intermediate in the production of crop protection products, a solvent in pharmaceutical production, and as a component in the preservation of citrus fruits in many countries. Biphenyl is not authorized for use and also does not have standards or specifications as a food additive in Korea. National and imported food products are likely to contain biphenyl. Therefore, control and management of these products is required. In this study, a simple analytical method was developed and validated using HPLC to determine biphenyl in food. These methods are validated by assessing certain performance parameters: linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ). The calibration curve was obtained from 1.0 to $100.0{\mu}g/mL$ with satisfactory relative standard deviations (RSD) of 0.999 in the representative sample (orange). In the measurement of quality control (QC) samples, accuracy was in the range of 95.8~104.0% within normal values. The inter-day and inter-day precision values were less than 2.4% RSD in the measurement of QC samples. Recoveries of biphenyl from spiked orange samples ranged from 92.7 to 99.4% with RSD between 0.7 and 1.7% at levels of 10, 50, and $100{\mu}g/mL$. The LOD and LOQ were determined to be 0.04 and $0.13{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. These results show that the developed method is appropriate for biphenyl identification and can be used to examine the safety of citrus fruits and surface treatments containing biphenyl residues.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.419-423
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• 2008

The present study examined the effects of different calcium (Ca) sources and concentrations on the growth and Ca absorption of Agrocybe cylindracea mycelia grown in submerged cultures. The dry weights of the mycelia were not significantly different (significance level of 5%) according to the type of Ca added, and increased with increasing Ca concentration until 500 mg/L, and then decreased at concentrations of 1000 mg/L or greater. The Ca contents of groups were significantly different according to the various concentrations of the Ca source, in which the Ca content of the control group cultured without added Ca was 198.3 mg/kg, and in the treatment groups, Ca content increased to a minimum of 273.7 mg/kg (1.4 times) and a maximum of 67246.0 mg/kg (339.1 times) the Ca contents of the groups generally increased with increasing Ca concentration. According to the number of culture days, growth rates were highest during days 8 through 12, and remained relatively high until day 16. In addition, Ca contents per unit dry weight were higher in young mycelia with a shorter culture period than in mature mycelia with a longer culture period. According to pH, the most active growth and highest Ca content occurred in MCM liquid medium at pH 7.0. In conclusion, in order to produce Agrocybe cylindracea mycelia with high Ca content, it is considered most efficient to culture them in MCM liquid medium without a pH adjustment and containing 1,000 mg/L of Ca-lactate, which is commonly used as a Ca additive in food, as well as to use mycelia between 12-16 days of culturing.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2015

Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) has been used in various fields including dietary supplements as it contains a high protein content and large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, it has some pigments such as phycocyanin, myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin and thus has been used as a food additive and antioxidant substance. Nano-bubble hydrogen is to dissolve more than the saturation solubility in water by injecting the hydrogen gas in the nano-bubble hydrogen water. The nano-bubbles are known to possess higher antioxidant properties in addition to anticancer effects. In this paper, Arthrospira platensis was cultured in both a normal medium with distilled water and nano-bubble hydrogen water medium and their properties were compared. The cell growth and the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the nano-bubble hydrogen water was 15% higher than that of the control. The level of phycocyanin in nano-bubble hydrogen water was also 7% higher than that of the control. However, there were little differences in the lipid content between the nano-bubble and control. To determine the content of the antioxidants, the level of flavonoid and polyphenol were measured. The level of flavonoid in nano-bubble hydrogen water was found to be more than 70% increased when comparing to that of the control, while the level of polyphenol was similar to each other.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2020

A colorimetric paper sensor was used to detect volatile nitrogen-containing compounds emitted from spoiled salmon filets to determine their freshness. The sensing mechanism was based on acid-base reactions between acidic pH-indicating dyes and basic volatile ammonia and amines. A sensing layer was simply fabricated by drop-casting a dye solution of bromocresol green (BCG) on a polyvinylidene fluoride substrate, and its color-change response was enhanced by optimizing the amounts of additive chemicals, such as polyethylene glycol, p-toluene sulfonic acid, and graphene oxide in the dye solution. To avoid the adverse effects of water vapor, both faces of the sensing layer were enclosed by using a polyethylene terephthalate film and a gas-permeable microporous polytetrafluoroethylene sheet, respectively. When exposed to basic gas analytes, the paper-like sensor distinctly exhibited a color change from initially yellow, then to green, and finally to blue due to the deprotonation of BCG via the Brønsted acid-base reaction. The use of ammonia analyte as a test gas confirmed that the sensing performance of the optimized sensor was reversible and excellent (detection time of < 15 min, sensitive naked-eye detection at 0.25 ppm, good selectivity to common volatile organic gases, and good stability against thermal stress). Finally, the coloration intensity of the sensor was quantified as a function of the storage time of the salmon filet at 28℃ to evaluate its usefulness in monitoring of the food freshness with the measurement of the total viable count (TVC) of microorganisms in the food. The TVC value increased from 3.2 × 10⁵ to 3.1 × 10⁹ cfu/g in 28 h and then became stable, whereas the sensor response abruptly changed in the first 8 h and slightly increased thereafter. This result suggests that the colorimetric response could be used as an indicator for evaluating the degree of decay of salmon induced by microorganisms.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2001

This study was concentrated that the contents of heavy metals were estimated from 782 samples of sold fisheries in Seoul(33 species in fishes, 15 in bivalves, 12 in crustaceans and 10 in others) by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The contents of As, Cd and Pb [minimum~maximum (mean)] were N.D.~0.162 mg/kg(0.021),0.001~0.120 mg/kg(0.014) and 0.015~0.499 mg/kg(0.111) in fishes, 0.003~0.311 mg/kg(0.052), N.D.~1.905 mg/kg(0.182) and 0.013~0.462 mg/kg(0.138) in bivalves, N.D.~0.328 mg/kg(0.042), 0.002~1.113mg/kg(0.079) and 0.006~-.510 mg/kg(0.109) in crustaceans, N.D. ~0.181 mg/kg(0.024), 0.001~0.214 mg/kg(0.033) and 0.010~0.877 mg/kg(0.118) in others respectively, bivalves were the highest than others. The average weekly intakes of three metals from sold fisheries took about 1.4~26.4% of PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly intakes) that FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee had set to evaluate their safety.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2017

Tolaasin, a 1.9 kDa peptide toxin, is produced by Pseudomonas tolaasii and causes the brown blotch disease of cultivated oyster mushroom. It forms pores on the membrane and thus destroys cellular membrane structure, seriously reducing the productivity of mushroom cultivation. The mechanism of tolaasin-induced cytotoxicity is not known in detail. However, it has been reported to form a pore structure in the cytoplasmic membrane through the molecular multimerization. Therefore, food additives which can interact with tolaasin molecules may inhibit the pore formation by hydrophobic interactions with tolaasin molecules. In this study, various food additive materials have been identified as inhibitors of the tolaasin activity and named tolaasin-inhibitory factors (TIF). Most of TIFs are emulsifying agents for food processing procedures. Among various TIFs, polyglycerol and sucrose esters of fatty acids blocked effectively the cytotoxicity of tolaasins at the concentrations $10^{-4}-10^{-5}M$. These TIFs also successfully suppressed the blotch disease development in the shelf cultivation of oyster mushroom.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.549-554
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• 2000

This study was carried out to estimate the contents of trace metals in the fishes and shellfishes available on Korean markets. The maples were digested with acids, then analyzed by ICP (INductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometer) and AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer) for the contents of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). The contents of mercury (Hg) were determined using a mercury analyzer. The contents of trace metals [minimum~ maximum (mean), mg/kg] in fishes were as follows; Hg;0.004~0.500(0.082), Pb;N.D.~ 1.87 (0.29), Cd;N.D. ~0.094 (0.020), As;0.01~5045 (0.84), Cu;0.04~3.74 (0.66), Mn; N.D. ~7.56 (0.57), Zn;0.92~18.33(6.03). Those contents in shellfishes were as follows (mg/kg); Hg;N.D.~0.221 (0.029), Pb;0.01~1.51 (0.38), Cd;0.02~1.93 (0.51), As;0.18~3.07 study showed that trace metal contents in both fishes and shellfishes on our markets of lead, cadmium and mercury from fishes and shellfishes takes about 1~13% of PTWI(Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) that FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee has set to evaluate their safeties.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.381-390
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• 2006

Astaxanthine is a pigment that belongs to the family of the xanthophylls, the oxygenated derivatives of carotenoids whose synthesis in plants derives from lycopene. Astaxanthine is also a carotenoid widely used in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture to provide the pink color characteristic of that. Recent study reported that astaxanthine has the role as a detoxicant against the free radicals. On our study, we estimated the genotoxicity in ICR mice and possibility as antioxidant reagents of mutant Phaffia rhodozyma strain over expressing the astaxanthine by gamma-lay and carophyll pink including astaxanthine in apoE knock out mice, respectively. In our study, we administered Phaffia rhodozyma (2 mg and 3 mg) and carophyll pink for 4 and 8 week. The clinical sign and mortality were not detected compared with control groups. In the mutant frequency of hprt gene and chromosome aberration in splenic cells, there was not detected abnormality. There was not critical change in hematological and serum biochemical test compared to control. In expression level of repair enzyme, increase of catalase were detected and increase of expression level of Nrf-2 was detected in Phaffia rhodozyma (3 mg) and carophyll pink in 8 week treated group. In GSH level, the group of treated with Phaffia rhodozyma (3 mg) showed the increase of the GSH. In conclusion, mutant Phaffia rhodozyma and caphyll pink may be applied to the effective food additives to reduce the free radical.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2014

This study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals in salted vegetable foods from diverse origin in Korea which were sold in Korea. The levels of heavy metals were determined using an ICP-MS. The values of metals [minimum~maximum (mean), mg/kg] in kimchi were as follows; Pb 0.0~0.074(0.018), Cd 0.0~0.027 (0.004), As 0.0~0.024(0.002), Hg 0~0.002(0.0). The weekly average intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury from kimchi take 0.06~0.13% PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) that the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee has set to evaluate their safeties.