• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-20
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• 2005

The study purpose was to examine which factors including health perceptions & behaviors, psychosocial factors, dietary intakes were different by stages of change to reduce fast food consumption among university students. Survey data(n = 341) were analyzed using X$^2$ test or analysis of variance. With respect to stages of change, $17\%$ were in the precontemplation ; $21.4\%$ for contemplation, $19.7\%$ for preparation, 11.7% for action, and $30.2\%$ for the maintenance stage. Frequency of fast food consumption (p < 0.001), health status, interest toward health, and exercising behavior (p < 0.05) differed significantly by stages of change. Demographics and nutrient intakes, however, had no association with stages of change. Those in precontemplation through preparation stages felt more strongly on the advantages such as taste, satiety, cleanness of restaurants (p < 0.001), and diverse menus (p < 0.05). Compared to maintainers or actors, pre-contemplators agreed less to the disadvantages of eating fast foods, including sanitary problems (p < 0.001), overeating, indigestion, decreased vegetable intakes (p < 0.01) and loss of freshness (p < 0.05). Influence of significant others (e.g., friends, siblings, parents) significantly differed by stages of change. Compared with maintainers, those in preaction stages felt less control over facilitators or situations for fast food consumption. These included 'others like fast foods', 'providing standard meals', 'when I don't have foods for meals'(p < 0.001), availability, advertisement, 'socially popular', 'when I feel hungry'(p < 0.01), and 'when I don't like to prepare meals' (p < 0.05). These results suggested that nutrition education be planned considering one's stages of change for fast food consumption. For those in preaction stages, it is desirable to use motivational strategies to increase benefits and remove barriers of change, and help to develop skills to deal with situations or factors for fast food consumption. The support from friends or families is also needed to move to further stages.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.780-787
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• 2017

The consumption of high-salt foods is an independent risk factor for increased hypertension. Thus, evaluating the relationship of taste sensitivity and pleasantness of high-salt foods such as Korean jang products, would help contribute to an understanding of salty food eating behaviors of the Korean rural elderly. This study aimed to verify the association between taste sensitivity and salinity of Korean jang products, and the preferences of food groups and nutrient intake in the rural elderly. We studied 269 elderly persons (males 83, females 186) aged above 65 years, residing in the rural area, Sunchang gun Jeonbuk. For each subject, a recognition threshold of 4 basic tastes and pleasant concentrations of NaCl were estimated using the sip- and-spit method. Taste preferences, frequency of intake of food groups, nutrient intakes, and salinity and sweetness of Korean jang products (Doenjang, Ganjang, Gochujang) were assessed. No association was found between salt taste recognition threshold and optimally preferred concentration of salt and salinity of Korean jang products. However, the sweet taste recognition threshold was positively related to the sweetness of Korean jang products. Also, the salinity of Doenjang positively correlated with the frequencies of food groups and nutrient intakes. That is to say that the sweet taste sensitivity was related to the sweetness of Korean jang products, but was not sensitive to the salty taste. The salinity of Doenjang correlated with the consumption of food and nutrient intakes. Taken together, these findings suggest the need for appropriate intervention and education to reduce the salinity of Doenjang, which is an important modifiable factor contributing to reducing sodium intake in the rural elderly.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a weight control program on anthropometric values, serum lipid profiles and nutrient intakes. The subjects of this study were 38 obese children (boy : 17, girl : 21) with obesity index over 120%. The weight control program for obese children included nutritional education (50 min) and exercise (50 min) for 10 weeks. The nutrition intakes of the children were surveyed before and after the weight control program by 24hr recall test. The BMI, R$\ddot{o}$hrer Index, Obesity Index, WHR (Waist - Hip ratio) and body fat(%) were significantly decreased after completion of the weight control program. The total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of subjects were significantly increased after the weight control program. Distribution of serum lipid profiles was slightly changed. The energy intakes were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). from 1760.8 kcal to 1435.2 kcal. In addition, the intakes of P, Zn, retinol, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin E and niacin were significantly decreased. while intakes of vitamin C and folate were increased. Calcium and folic acid were upper 25% of subjects, under EAR(Estimated Average Requirements) intake before the weight control program. The distribution of energy intakes was significantly changed into positive status; fat percentage was decreased 26.3% to 22.1% (p < 0.01). Carbohydrate was increased 58.6% to 61.2% (p < 0.05). Meal distribution of energy intakes was changed; calorie percentage from lunch significantly increased from 32.2% to 38.3%. Calorie percentage from snack significantly decreased from 17.7% to 13.5%. In conclusion, weight control program for 10 weeks is effective in obesity index and nutrient intakes although serum lipid values were a little changed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.32-47
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• 2020

Objectives: Calcium (Ca) is an insufficiently consumed nutrient, whereas phosphorus (P) intake has exceeded the recommended intake level in Korea over the past decade. The purpose of this study was to analyze dietary Ca and P intakes and their contribution rate according to dish groups. Methods: A 24-hour dietary recall survey of 640 healthy adults (aged 19-69 years) was undertaken twice in four Korean provinces. Dietary Ca and P intakes and their rates of contribution from 31 major dish groups were analyzed and compared by gender, age group, and region. Results: The average Ca and P intakes of the subjects were 542.1 ± 222.2 mg/d and 1,068.3 ± 329.0 mg/d, respectively. The intakes of Ca and P as percentages of recommended nutrients intake (RNI%) were 71.7 ± 29.8% and 152.6 ± 47%, respectively, and the percentages under the estimated average requirement were 60.3% for Ca and 3.8% for P. The RNI% of Ca was not significantly different between males and females, but was significantly higher in subjects in the sixties age group than in other age groups and was significantly lower in the Korean capital than in other regions. The RNI% of P did not significantly differ by gender or age groups, but it was significantly higher in the capital than in Gyeong-sang. The five major dish groups contributing to Ca intake (contribution rate) were milks/dairy products 69.2 ± 109.2 mg/d (12.6%), soups 55.6 ± 69.6 mg/d (10.1%), stir-fried foods 53.1 ± 70.7 mg/d (9.7%), stews 43.4 ± 85.4 mg/d (7.9%), and kimchi 38.4 ± 31.8 mg/d (7.0%). The five major dish group contributing to P intake (contribution rate) were cooked rice 160.7 ± 107.1 mg/d (14.9%), stir-fried foods 88.5 ± 89.4 mg/d (8.2%), soups 76.7 ± 85.8 mg/d (7.1%), one-dish meals 63.3 ± 94.4 mg/d (5.9%), and stews 62.6 ± 89.3 mg/d (5.8%). The dish groups contributing to Ca and P intakes differed somewhat by gender, age group, and region. Conclusions: Programs to improve the nutritional status of Ca and P intakes should consider the differences in Ca and P contribution rates by dish groups as well as by gender, age group, and region.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.230-233
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• 1996

The purposes of this study was to investigate selenium content of human milk and selenium intake of breast-fed infants at each period of lactation longitudinally. The human milk intake in breast-fed infants was measured by test weighing method from 20 lactating mothers at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. Selenium content in the milks was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation after wet digestion of samples. Selenium intake in breast-fed infants was calculated by multiplying human milk intakes by selenium contents. The milk intakes were 640, 726 and 715g/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum. The selenium contents in human milk were characterized by a pattern of slight decline with advancing stage of lactation;13.1, 11.5 and 9.8$\mu\textrm{g}$/L at 1,2 and 3 months during lactation. There was a large individual variation at any stage of this study. The mean dietary selenium intakes in breast-fed infants were 8.38, 8.32 and 6.97$\mu\textrm{g}$/day at 1,2 and 3 months postpartum, respectively. The mean daily intakes on a body weight basis were gradually decreased during the course of lactation.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.533-541
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between climacteric symptoms and intakes of various nutrients, phytoestrogens and foods in postmenopausal women. We conducted anthropometric measurements, questionnaire interview and 24hr dietary recall for 3 days in 128 postmenopausal women aged $49{\sim}64$. The subjects were divided into the two groups, NCMS(non climacteric symptoms group) and CMS(climacteric symptoms group), according to the severity of the climacteric symptoms. There were no significant difference in anthropometric measurements, maternal factors(menarche age, menopause age), subjective health status, frequency of exercise, smoking and drinking status between the two groups. The Mg and lignan precusor intakes of the NCMS group were significantly higher than those of the CMS group. Mg, lignan precusor, pulse and seed intakes had negative correlations with the severity of climacteric symptoms. From this study results, Mg, phytoestrogen(especially some lignan) and some food groups like as pulse and seeds may prevent and reduce climacteric symptoms in postmenopausal women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.565-572
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate nutritional intakes and preference food and blood composition of female college students of premenstrual syndrome. Based on physical measurement test results, both groups showed no noticeable difference and both groups were within the normal range according to body composition analysis. In terms of nutrients consumption, results showed nutritional intakes more than EAR(estimated average requirements) included phosphorus>vitamin $B_6$>vitamin $B_1$, while nutritional intakes less than EAR were vitamin A>vitamin $B_6$>calcium>folic acid. A significant difference was observed for vitamin C intake(p<0.05). The overall mean values of basic blood(WBC, RBC, Hct, and Hb), sex hormone(Estrogen, Progesterone), aldosterone, cortisol, Cu, Zn, and Ca, Mg indices in female college students were within the normal range and there was no significant difference between the PMS group and the Normal group. In conclusion, vitamin C intake of the PMS group showed a level of 84.8% EAR. Therefore vitamin C supplement can be beneficial to relieve the PMS Syndrome.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.473-480
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• 2006

The purpose of this study were to investigate middle and high school students' food habits and food attitudes, and to assess student's nutrient consumption. A self-administered questionnaire was developed based on review of literature. The questionnaire consisted of three sections (food habits, food attitudes, and food consumption). The questionnaires were distributed to 4,050 students enrolled in 34 middle and high schools located in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Gyeongnam provinces. A final response rate was 88.2% (3,570) excluding responses that had significant missing data. Data of the food habits and food attitudes were analyzed with descriptive analysis, $x^2$-test, and t-test using SPSS WIN(ver.11.0). The student's self-reported food consumption data was converted into nutrient consumption using conversion factor. Many middle and high school students skipped breakfast and/or dinner. Approximately 29% of the students did not eat vegetables and fruits. Scores of the middle school student's attitudes(19.1) towards foods were significantly higher than those of the high school student's attitudes(18.7)(p<.001). Student's nutrient intakes were estimated according to the student's self-reported food consumption data. The nutrient intakes were compared with DRIs(Dietary Reference Intakes: DRIs) for their age groups. The result of EAR(Estimated Average Requirement: EAR) cut-point method demonstrated 57.7% of middle school boys, 64.4% of middle school girls, 70.2% of high school boys, and 71.0% of high school girls did not meet EAR for Calcium. Additionally, it showed that 39.0% of middle school boys, 23.7% of middle school girls, 58.4% of high school boys, and 24.4% of high school girls did not consume EAR for Vitamin $B_1$. 25.7% of middle school boys did not meet EAR for Vitamin $B_2$, while 44.4% high school boys did not satisfy EAR for Vitamin $B_2$.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.266-274
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• 2011

Accurate assessment of nutrient adequacy of a population should be based on usual intake distribution of that population. This study was conducted to adjust usual nutrient intake distributions of a single 24-hour recall in 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Surveys (KNHNS) in order to determine the magnitude of limitations inherent to a single 24-hour recall in assessing nutrient intakes of a population. Of 9,960 individuals who provided one 24-hour recall in 2001 KNHNS, 3,976 subjects provided an additional one-day 24-hour recall in 2002 Korean National Nutrition Survey by Season (KNNSS). To adjust for usual intake distribution, we estimated within-individual variations derived from 2001 KNHNS and 2002 KNNSS using the Iowa State University method. Nutritionally at risk population was assessed in reference to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The Korean Estimated Average Requirement (Korean EAR) cut-point was applied to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes except for iron intakes, which were assessed using the probability approach. The estimated proportions below Korean EAR for calcium, riboflavin, and iron were 73%, 41%, and 24% from usual intake distribution and 70%, 51%, and 39% from one-day intake distribution, respectively. The estimated proportion of sodium intakes over the Intake Goal of 2,000 mg/day was 100% of the population after adjustment. The energy proportion from protein was within Korean Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (Korean AMDR), whereas that of carbohydrate was higher than the upper limit and that of fat was below the lower limit in the subjects aged 30 years or older. According to these results, the prevalence of nutritional inadequacy and excess intake is over-estimated in Korea unless usual intake distributions are adjusted for one-day intakes of most nutrients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 2007

Inadequate dietary intakes and poor health behaviors are of concern among rural residents in Korea. This study is conducted to compare dietary intakes, dietary diversity score (DDS), mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) and health related behaviors by rural, factory and urban areas in Asan. A total of 930 adults (351 men and 579 women) were interviewed to assess social economic status (SES), health related behaviors and food intakes by a 24-hour recall method. Mean age was 61.5 years with men being older (64.8 years) than women (59.3 years, p<0.001). Men in the factory area were older than rural or urban men while urban women were the youngest. Education and income of urban residents were higher than other area residents. There were more current drinkers in urban area while smoking status was not different by regions. Physical activity was significantly higher in rural or factory areas, whilst urban residents exercised more often (p<0.05). Rural or factory area residents considered themselves less healthy than others while perceived stress was lower than urban residents. Energy intakes were higher in urban residents or in men, however, after SES was controlled, energy intake did not show any differences. Energy-adjusted nutrient intakes were significantly higher in the urban area (p<0.05) for most nutrients except for carbohydrate, niacin, folic acid, vitamin $B_6$, iron and fiber. Sodium intake was higher in factory area than in other areas after SES was controlled. DDS of rural men and MAR of both men and women in the rural area were significantly lower when SES was controlled. In conclusion, dietary intakes, diversity, adequacy and perceived health were poor in the rural area, although other health behaviors such as drinking and perceived stress were better than in the urban area. In order to improve perceived health of rural residents, good nutrition and exercise education programs are recommended.