• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.65-93
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• 2011

As relationship between buyer and seller has been brought closer and long-term relationship has been more important in B2B markets, the importance of service and service convenience increases as well as product. In homogeneous markets, where service offerings are similar and therefore not key competitive differentiator, providing greater convenience may enable a competitive advantage. Service convenience, as conceptualized by Berry et al. (2002), is defined as the consumers' time and effort perceptions related to buying or using a service. For this reason, B2B customers are interested in how fast the service is provided and how much save non-monetary cost like time or effort by the service convenience along with service quality. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate the impact of service convenience on relationship factors such as relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and relationship performance. The purpose of this study is to find out whether service convenience can be a new antecedent of relationship quality and relationship performance. In addition, this study tries to examine how five-dimensional service convenience constructs (decision convenience, access convenience, transaction convenience, benefit convenience, post-benefit convenience) affect customers' relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and relationship performance. The service convenience comprises five fundamental components - decision convenience (the perceived time and effort costs associated with service purchase or use decisions), access convenience(the perceived time and effort costs associated with initiating service delivery), transaction convenience(the perceived time and effort costs associated with finalizing the transaction), benefit convenience(the perceived time and effort costs associated with experiencing the core benefits of the offering) and post-benefit convenience (the perceived time and effort costs associated with reestablishing subsequent contact with the firm). Earlier studies of perceived service convenience in the industrial market are none. The conventional studies that have dealt with service convenience have usually been made in the consumer market, or they have dealt with convenience aspects in the service process. This service convenience measure for consumer market can be useful tool to estimate service quality in B2B market. The conceptualization developed by Berry et al. (2002) reflects a multistage, experiential consumption process in which evaluations of convenience vary at each stage. For this reason, the service convenience measure is good for B2B service environment which has complex processes and various types. Especially when categorizing B2B service as sequential stage of service delivery like Kumar and Kumar (2004), the Berry's service convenience measure which reflect sequential flow of service deliveries suitable to establish B2B service convenience. For this study, data were gathered from respondents who often buy business service and analyzed by structural equation modeling. The sample size in the present study is 119. Composite reliability values and average variance extracted values were examined for each variable to have reliability. We determine whether the measurement model supports the convergent validity by CFA, and discriminant validity was assessed by examining the correlation matrix of the constructs. For each pair of constructs, the square root of the average variance extracted exceeded their correlations, thus supporting the discriminant validity of the constructs. Hypotheses were tested using the Smart PLS 2.0 and we calculated the PLS path values and followed with a bootstrap re-sampling method to test the hypotheses. Among the five dimensional service convenience constructs, four constructs (decision convenience, transaction convenience, benefit convenience, post-benefit convenience) affected customers' positive relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and relationship performance. This result means that service convenience is important cue to improve relationship between buyer and seller. One of the five service convenience dimensions, access convenience, does not affect relationship quality and performance, which implies that the dimension of service convenience is not important factor of cumulative satisfaction. The Cumulative satisfaction can be distinguished from transaction-specific customer satisfaction, which is an immediate post-purchase evaluative judgment or an affective reaction to the most recent transactional experience with the firm. Because access convenience minimizes the physical effort associated with initiating an exchange, the effect on relationship satisfaction similar to cumulative satisfaction may be relatively low in terms of importance than transaction-specific customer satisfaction. Also, B2B firms focus on service quality, price, benefit, follow-up service and so on than convenience of time or place in service because it is relatively difficult to change existing transaction partners in B2B market compared to consumer market. In addition, this study using partial least squares methods reveals that customers' satisfaction and commitment toward relationship has mediating role between the service convenience and relationship performance. The result shows that management and investment to improve service convenience make customers' positive relationship satisfaction, and then the positive relationship satisfaction can enhance the relationship commitment and relationship performance. And to conclude, service convenience management is an important part of successful relationship performance management, and the service convenience is an important antecedent of relationship between buyer and seller such as the relationship commitment and relationship performance. Therefore, it has more important to improve relationship performance that service providers enhance service convenience although competitive service development or service quality improvement is important. Given the pressure to provide increased convenience, it is not surprising that organizations have made significant investments in enhancing the convenience aspect of their product and service offering.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.36-46
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• 2014

Objectives: To evaluate the association between fracture risk and levothyroxine use in elderly women with hypothyroidism, according to previous osteoporosis history. Methods: We conducted a cohort study from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service claims database from January 2005 to June 2006. The study population comprised women aged ${\geq}65$ years who had been diagnosed with hypothyroidism and prescribed levothyroxine monotherapy. We excluded patients who met any of the following criteria: previous fracture history, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, or pituitary disorder; low levothyroxine adherence; or a follow-up period <90 days. We categorized the daily levothyroxine doses into 4 groups: ${\leq}50{\mu}g/d$, 51 to $100{\mu}g/d$, 101 to $150{\mu}g/d$, and > $150{\mu}g/d$. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with the Cox proportional hazard model, and subgroup analyses were performed according to the osteoporosis history and osteoporosis-specific drug prescription status. Results: Among 11 155 cohort participants, 35.6% had previous histories of osteoporosis. The adjusted HR of fracture for the > $150{\mu}g/d$ group, compared with the 51 to $100{\mu}g/d$ group, was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.03 to 2.37) in osteoporosis subgroup. In the highly probable osteoporosis subgroup, restricted to patients who were concurrently prescribed osteoporosis-specific drugs, the adjusted HR of fracture for the > $150{\mu}g/d$ group, compared with the 51 to 100 ${\mu}g/d$ group, was 1.93 (95% CI, 1.14 to 3.26). Conclusions: While further studies are needed, physicians should be concerned about potential levothyroxine overtreatment in elderly osteoporosis patients.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2014

This study aims to suggest lesson plans and evaluation methods for primary pre-service teachers by reviewing the concept of computational thinking(CT) skills and its sub components. To pursue this goal, a literature review has been conducted in regards to CT and the effectiveness of programming courses. In addition, the Scratch educational programming functions were analyzed yielding six CT elements(data representation, problem decomposition, abstraction, algorithm & procedures, parallelization, simulation). With these six elements, one semester lesson plans for 15 weeks that represent the connections with six CT elements were designed. Based on the PECT(Progression of Early Computational Thinking) model and the CT framework a rubric to evaluate learners' proficiency levels(basic, developing, proficient) revealed in their final projects was developed as well. Upon a follow-up empirical study, the lesson plans and the rubric suggested in the current study are expected to be utilized in teachers' colleges.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.21-25
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• 2020

Sebaceous carcinoma is a relatively rare and aggressive malignant tumor. Periocular area (especially eyelid) is the most common lesion to occur, and the most common extraocular lesion is the parotid gland. Because the lesion also mimic other benign inflammatory diseases, this leads to delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis. Here, we report a 58-year-old male patient who presented with a non-tender painless left parotid mass after wide excision of sebaceous carcinoma in the left eyelid two years ago. When he was diagnosed with sebaceous carcinoma of left eyelid, there was a small left parotid tumor on the computed tomography. But no further examination and treatment were performed. Two years later, physical examination revealed growing parotid tumor and multiple neck nodes on the left side. After radical parotidectomy and neck dissection, histological examination showed a sebaceous carcinoma and neck node metastasis. Considering the aggressiveness of sebaceous carcinoma, further evaluation for parotid glands should be considered when sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelid was discovered. Postoperative chemoradiotherapy was performed for disease control. Follow up after two years, and computed tomography showed no sign of recurrence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.58-66
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• 2015

This study is to review the historical documents about Cinnamomum camphora SIEB. in Goryeo and Joseon Dynasty. First of all, we defined it's feature and used case by the most appropriate word 'Jang(樟)' meaning Cinnamomum camphora SIEB. We also discovered some illusions and should suggest a new possibility. First, we analyzed the definition and examples of Cinnamomum camphora SIEB. and come to the conclusion that 'Jang(樟)' seems to be the most appropriate word. Second, we confirmed that Cinnamomum camphora SIEB. grew in extralimital area. It is believed that it's because of making a mistake. Third, we confirmed that it is confused Cinnamomum camphora SIEB. with Koelreuteria paniculata in Yi, Gyu-Gyeong's records. However, it's required to verify the other cases of the Cinnamomum camphora SIEB.'s records. We expect a follow-up study about it by classifying modern feature and comparing literature matching.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2020

Background: Well-validated risk prediction models help to identify individuals at high risk of diseases and suggest preventive measures. A recent systematic review reported lack of validated prediction models for low back pain (LBP). We aimed to develop prediction models to estimate the 8-year risk of developing LBP and its recurrence. Methods: A population based prospective cohort study using data from 435,968 participants in the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort enrolled from 2002 to 2010. We used Cox proportional hazards models. Results: During median follow-up period of 8.4 years, there were 143,396 (32.9%) first onset LBP cases. The prediction model of first onset consisted of age, sex, income grade, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, blood pressure, and medical history of diseases. The model of 5-year recurrence risk was comprised of age, sex, income grade, BMI, length of prescription, and medical history of diseases. The Harrell's C-statistic was 0.812 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.804-0.820) and 0.916 (95% CI, 0.907-0.924) in validation cohorts of LBP onset and recurrence models, respectively. Age, disc degeneration, and sex conferred the highest risk points for onset, whereas age, spondylolisthesis, and disc degeneration conferred the highest risk for recurrence. Conclusions: LBP risk prediction models and simplified risk scores have been developed and validated using data from general medical practice. This study also offers an opportunity for external validation and updating of the models by incorporating other risk predictors in other settings, especially in this era of precision medicine.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.403-413
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• 2017

The purpose of this paper is to verify whether the entry programming course applied with the flow based learning type is to affect the flow of students' learning. The subjects of the study were the students in the 3rd grade of the National University of education who had not experienced the coding before, and conducted two hours of programming lessons per week for three months. Learning contents and learning materials of beginner course in Entry Homepage were used as learning materials. The teaching and learning process consisted of clear goals setting, motivation, follow-up and immediate feedback, providing application problems, and providing reflection time for students. As a result of the study, the nine factors of flow were compared before and after the experiment. The seven factors - A balance between challenges and skills, Immediate feedback, Action and awareness are merged, Distractions are excluded from consciousness, No worry of failure. Self-consciousness disappears, The activity becomes autotelic-were obtained.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.65-75
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• 2011

The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between satisfaction and future behavior intention of cafeteria users. Respondents of the research were cafeteria users in major colleges in Kyunggi province. A total of 300 questionnaires were distributed between October 1, 2010 and October 20, 2010 but only281 questionnaires were used for the analysis. Based on 14 selection attributes, factor analysis showed that the KMO value of 0.634, which was extracted by Verimax vertical rotation, and=610.084(p<0.001). In addition, the distributional explanation showed a total of 61.685%. Five factors were obtained as ingredients, food, menu, maintenance, and internal environment factors according to the feature of each variable. The Cronbach value according to confidence and validity tests was 0.703. The explanation was 16.3% and the influence on satisfaction included ingredients, maintenance, and internal environment. The effect on future behavior intention was significant at the level of p<0.001. This study has limitations in that it has generalized the findingson consumers of university cafeterias; therefore, follow-up studies must be conducted.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.325-337
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the soil environment of urban neighborhood parks and to use them as basic data for evaluating the ecological functions of urban parks such as groundwater regeneration, flood control, microclimate regulation, adsorption and purification. The landscape design criteria were generally evaluated as advanced, and further monitoring and studies are needed to evaluate the various ecological functions. It is also necessary to improve the phosphoric acid and nitrogen contents, which tended to be low. In addition, continuous monitoring is needed to assess the proper soil environment according to the biological species, and to evaluate the ecological functions. The results of this study can be used to evaluate the groundwater recharge of urban parks. In particular, when the land of the neighboring park is used for various purposes, the level of access of the user may be increased. Therefore, factors that may adversely affect the user's health, such as heavy metals and organic matters, should be selected and selected as management criteria. In addition, follow-up studies considering fertilization standards suitable for trees and growth of introduced vegetation, etc. are needed urgently to improve the soil environment.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.543-548
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• 2010

Objectives: The objective of this study was to calculate sample size and power in an ongoing cohort, Korea radiation effect and epidemiology cohort (KREEC). Method: Sample size calculation was performed using PASS 2002 based on Cox regression and Poisson regression models. Person-year was calculated by using data from '1993-1997 Total cancer incidence by sex and age, Seoul' and Korean statistical informative service. Results: With the assumption of relative risk=1.3, exposure:non-exposure=1:2 and power=0.8, sample size calculation was 405 events based on a Cox regression model. When the relative risk was assumed to be 1.5 then number of events was 170. Based on a Poisson regression model, relative risk=1.3, exposure:non-exposure=1:2 and power=0.8 rendered 385 events. Relative risk of 1.5 resulted in a total of 157 events. We calculated person-years (PY) with event numbers and cancer incidence rate in the nonexposure group. Based on a Cox regression model, with relative risk=1.3, exposure:non-exposure=1:2 and power=0.8, 136 245PY was needed to secure the power. In a Poisson regression model, with relative risk=1.3, exposure:non-exposure=1:2 and power=0.8, person-year needed was 129517PY. A total of 1939 cases were identified in KREEC until December 2007. Conclusions: A retrospective power calculation in an ongoing study might be biased by the data. Prospective power calculation should be carried out based on various assumptions prior to the study.