• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.35
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• pp.309-334
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• 2012

This study attempts to study in what form Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty has existed and discuss the contents and characteristics of ideological aspects forming the foundation of private Taoism. While Guan Yu Belief(關帝信仰) in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty is a folk belief focusing on Guan Yu, Seoneumjeulgyo(善陰?敎) and Musangdan(無相壇) are religious groups with organization. In case of Seoneumjeulgyo(善陰?敎), 'Seoneumjeul' contains perspective of Tian(天觀) of Confucianism but the ascetic practice method is to practice by reciting the name of the Buddha and the targets of a belief are Gwanje, Munchang, Buwoo. This shows the unified phenomenon of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism of Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty. Guan Yu Belief started at the national level led by the royal family of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ after Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 was firmly settled in non-official circles. Guan Yu in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty is expressed as the incarnation of loyalty and filial piety as well as God controlling life, death and fate. As this divine power and empowerment were spreading as scriptures among people, Guan Yu Belief was settled as a target to defeat the evil and invoke a blessing. Seoneumjeulgyo is the religious group that imitated 'Paekryunsa(白蓮社)' of Ming Qing time of China. Seoneumjeulgyo emphasized 'sympathy' with God through chanting. And it expressed writing written in the state of religious ecstasy as 'Binan(飛鸞).' Binan is also called as revelation and means to be revealed from heaven in the state united with God. Seoneumjeulgyo pursued the state united with God through a recitation of a spell and made scriptures written in the state united with God as its central doctrine. Musangdan published and spread Nanseo(鸞書,Book written by the revelation from God) and Seonso(善書) while worshipping Sam Sung Je Kun(三聖帝君). The scriptures of Folk Taoismin the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty can be roughly divided into Nanseo(鸞書) and Seonso(善書). Nanseo is a book written by the revelation from God and Seonso is a book to the standards of good deeds and encourage a person to do them such as Taishangganyingbian(太上感應篇) and Gonghwagyuk(功過格). The characteristics of Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty are as follows. First, a shrine of Guan Yu built for political reasons played a central role of Folk Taoism in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty. Second, specific private Taoist groups such as Temple $Myory{\breve{o}}nsa$ and Musangdan appeared in the late of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ Dynasty. These are Nandan Taoism(鸞壇道敎) that pursued the unity of God through 'sympathy' with God. Third, private Taoism of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ was influenced by the unity of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism with private Taoism in the Qing Dynasty of China and religious organization form etc. Fourth, the Folk Taoism scriptures of $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ are divided into Nanseo and Seonso and Nanseo directly made in $Chos{\breve{o}}n$ is expected to be the key to reveal the characteristics of Folk Taoism.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.85-97
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• 2000

In the organizing principle of Hwaeomsa temple, we could see the procedure of absorption and combination on folk beliefs and Buddhism like other temples. One of Representative folk beliefs took in and combined in its temple is Sam-Sung-Gak, which is located at the same place with Won-Tong-Geon. And Myong-Bu-Geon is affected by the Ten-Kings belief of Taoism very deeply, is also very rare folk belief case grown naturally. The diversification of Buddhist sanctum' function is absorption and combination between proper belief for the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy and folk native beliefs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.58-65
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• 2015

Compared to pavement of Chinese palace gardens, those of private gardens in south part of the Yangtze River(長江) in China shows variety of patterns. In order to figure out what causes the difference in paving pattern, this article focuses on the traditional Chinese ideologies during the all time. An analysis on 'Classical Gardens of Suzhou', which has been designated as UNESCO World Heritage, was used to determine how ideologies have influence on paving pattern of Classical Gardens. As a result, various Chinese ideologies such as Nature worship, Totemism, Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and Folk Culture were found in paving patterns of the private gardens. Pattern of sun in the Retreat & Reflection Garden(Toisawon) is an example of Nature worship among primitive beliefs of ancient China. Phoenix pattern of the Couple's Retreat Garden(Ouyuan, Liuyuan) reflects Totemistic beliefs. Confucianism is the underlying philosophy of Eight Square pattern, Six Square pattern, and Cross Square pattern. These patterns were mainly used to pave large area and easily found in many gardens. Patterns reflect Taoism are "Wufu holding life" pattern(the Five blessing holding life, 五福捧壽), Flat peach pattern, and Alluding Eight Immortals pattern. Paving patterns related to Buddhism are patterns of 'Eight treasures' and Endless knot pattern appears most frequently since it expresses concept of reincarnation well. Paving patterns shows folk culture and beliefs of the time in China are bat, butterfly, dragonfly, frog, carp, and coin(ingot).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.93-106
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• 2008

Asia Folk Costumes are certainly different from the Western Costumes. This distinction is based upon the effect of environment, technology, and social structure, and especially, which was generated by religion, ideology, and philosophy. The ideas of fundamental ground of this eastern features are religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. The religion of the East has determined the form of traditional costumes, affecting the costume up to now. This study aims at the investigation of the effect of religion on the formation of East Asia Traditional Costumes around Korea, China, and Japan and its figurative beauty. Study was carried out by chiefly referring to literatures. Eastern Aesthetics was formed by accepting aesthetic concepts, acquired from the idea of Three Religions. Especially, the ideas of non-duality(不二), emptiness(空), five aggregates(五蘊), mind control(心法), derived by Buddhism, and nature theory(自然論) and creationism(創造論) of Taoism, and abstinence theory(節制論) and decorum(禮法) and the principles of Yin and Yang(陰陽) of confucianism have had great effect on the aesthetics of costume. The figurative features of costume, affected by three religions are described by the factors; First, non structural feature, second, the beauty of abstinence and chastity of ample silhouette, third, the feature of natural color and achromatic color, fourth, the figurative feature of costume by the principles of Yin and Yang, and fifth, bright ornaments. The aesthetic values of the East Asia Costume are 'A Beauty of Vacancy', 'A Beauty of Concealment', 'A Beauty of Nature', and 'A Beauty of Symbolism'. As philosophy, culture, and ethnics itself, the religions of Asia have had effect on the overall culture, which is inclusive of social structure, as well as art and aesthetics, and have decided the style of costume.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.142-150
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• 2005

Purpose: This paper is a basic study aiming the establishment of Health theory according to korean culture. Especially planned to reveal the types of recognition on concepts of health in korean elderly. Methods: This study is using the Q-method, to collect rightly the concepts of objects in health. Results: This analysis shows us the 4 independent types of recognition about concepts of health in korean elderly as follows. Type Ⅰ: traditional & accommodational type, They positively agree to the concepts of health immanent in Shamanism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism and folk customs. Type Ⅱ: modern & depedent type, They not only interpret concepts of health scientifically and modernly, but also positively accept the concepts of health in oriental medicine. Type Ⅲ: western medical & self-leading type, They interpret concepts of health scientifically and western-medically. Type Ⅳ: naturalistic & self-reliance type. They consider positively searching for well-being as health rather than simply situation devoid of diseases. Conclusions: All 4 types we can see that the fundamental concepts of health in korean elderly are complicated not only with mere western-medical concept of health, but also with concepts of health in oriental medicine, Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, Shamanism which represent the oriental view of world.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.25
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• pp.157-169
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• 1995

The confucianism, the Taoism, the Budd-hism and the Folk-Faith actually coexisted and all of them had also widespread infuluence on the Chosun Society. This thesis is designed to study symbol of Color Scheme expressed in the clothing of Chosun dynasty. For this thesis I examined records of Royal archives, books containing lifestyle of Chosun dynasty, genre paintings, documantary pain-tings, excorcist clothing and existing remains. And I synthetically studied symbol of the Clothing Color Schemes in Chosun dynasty on the bases of theoretical researches. The result were as follows. There were many cases of 1. Upper·lowergarments : Red-Blue, White-Blue, White-Blue Color Schemes. 3. Exorcist clothing : Red-Red, Blue-Yellow, Blue-Blue Color Schemes. 4. Multy-colored stripes : Same color arrange-ments were avoided in Color Schemes. In the case of Green Wonsam, Blue-Red-Yellow-White Clothing Color Scheme was obvious. 5. Dance wear : Red-Blue, Yellow-Red Color Schemes. Generally more than anything else Blue-red Clothing Color Scheme was widely used. Be-sides Blue-Red Color Scheme, there were also many cases of Red-Yellow, White-Blue Cloth-ing Color Schemes. As a whole, compatible Color Schemes were more often used than in-compatible Color Schemes were used with various symbols that were based on color concept of Yin-Yang O-haeng, Tae-il theory Folk-Faith and so forth in Chosun dynasty.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.562-580
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• 1995

This research was an attempt to make it possible to provide nursing care and health education meet- ing the need not of care givers but of patients by identifying the nature of patients' self regulation experiences. The specific objective of this study was : 1) to explore self regulation experiences of patients with adult disease. The phenomenological approach in qualitative studies is used to serve this purpose. Colaizzi's method is used for the phenomenological analysis of the data in this study, which were collected from 25 patients hospitalized in the internal medical ward and oriental medical ward of a Seoul hospital, suffering from adult disease such as hypertension, arteriosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. The research was conducted over a period of March to September, 1994. The investigator conducted participated observations and in-depth unstructured interviews which were audiotaped under the permission of patients. The investigator read the data repeatedly to identify and categorize significant statements, formulating meanings, themes and theme clusters. The result is categorized as follows : Self regulation activities, their barriers and predisposing factors of a disease. Thirteen theme clusters of self regulation activities related to health identified were. “maintaining diet regimen”, “maintaining exercise regimen”, “maintaining medication regimen”, “maintaining oriental medical regimen”, “maintaining health monitoring regimen”, “maintaining self effort”, “maintaining religious life”, “maintaining social sup-port systems”, “maintaining peaceful mind”, “maintaining moderation in life”, “maintaining sincere attitude in life”, “maintaining natural life”, and “maintaining folk remedy” This findings confirm the fact that self regulation is complicatedly and diversely influenced by oriental medicine and folk remedy, and Korean traditional ideas melted in Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and Shamanism, and modern medical care and western culture. Seven theme clusters of self regulation barriers identified were : "lack of knowledge and self aware-ness", "lack of social supports", "lack of awareness of need in continuous regimen and treatment", "dissatisfaction with hospital and health care provider", "lack of self management ", "lack of will to combat illness", and "overconfidence in folk remedy" Four theme clusters of predisposing factors of a disease were : "cumulation of stressors", "fatalism", "careless life style", and "family history". In conclusion, this. study will prove helpful not only in understanding clients in light of our traditional culture but also in providing them with the kind of nursing care and health education satisfying their demands and particularly cultural needs.

• 중국학논총
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• no.61
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• pp.127-153
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• 2019

In this article, I singled out the examples of punishment and compensation seen in Liaozhaizhiyi which is an eighteenth century collection of short stories, and reconstructed the viewpoint of Chinese fortune and misfortune and furthermore presented the cultural meanings that this viewpoint has. The traits of Chinese culture seen in Liaozhaizhiyi are classified as follows: ① Only after carrying on a family line by birth of son(s), a happy conclusion can be made. ② AMain character passes state exam or alternatively his son(s) passes them. ③ Beautiful women / women given as reward have special abilities and talents. ④ Mostly, punishment and Compensation are made on a family basis, not on an individual basis. ⑤ Misfortune derives from a main character's desire; fortune from his sacrifice. ⑥ Norm and criteria for the punishment and compensation are based on confucianism but the procedure of the execution is based on taoism, buddhism, transcendent being and rules of folk religions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.19
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• pp.83-103
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• 1992

This thesis researched the ritual dress of Korean new religions such as Suungyo, Mirubulgyo, Taejonggyo and WonBuddhism, According to kind, color, cloth and shape this thesis analyzed the ritual dress of them on the basis of its literatures. I. The results of the ritual dress of them through its literatures are as follows: 1. In case of Suungyo, there are Songwansonbok, Togwandobok, Pulmogwan, Ch'onui, Chap'ae , Yukhwangang, Pobdae, Hakp'yo and Kyonjang in its kind. In its color there are Huk, Cha, Hoe, Chahwang, Hong, Paek, Hwang, ROk, and Nam. Chemical fiber with one layer is used in its cloth. Its shape is made by a comprise between the feature of Korean dress, chuui and that of the existing dress of Confucianim, Buddhism and Taoism. 2. In case of Mirukbulgyo, Inhwag-wan, Chongbok, P'oui, Tae, Moson, Yomju and tanju are systematized in its kind. In its color there are Paek, Huk, ch'ong,Chok, Ok and Rok, Kongdan and chemical fiber with one layer are used in its cloth. Its shape has a symbolic form of Yu'Pul and son based upon Korean dress, Chuui. In its symbol Inhwagwan symbolized Confucianism and Chongbok Taoism and P'oui Buddhism. 3. In case of Taejonggyo, there are Chusabok, Sjhobok, Yewonbok, Chusamo, Yewonmo, Tae and Hwa in its kind. In its color there are Paek(main one), Nam, Huk, Chaju, Chok, Hwang and Hoe. Kongdan with both sides is elaborately used in its cloth. Its shape thken from Korean dress means the succession of the national spirit of the white-clad folk. 4. In case of won Buddhism, there are kybok and Pobrak in its kind. In its color there are Paek, Huk and Hoe---especially, both Hwangt'o and Hwang are used in Pobrak, Anyone can use cloth at his will. In its shape Kyoblk for man is Yangbok and Kyobok for woman is Tongch'ima and Chogori, a style of Korean dress. Pobrak is a form Tanryong worm with Rakja.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.6
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• pp.33-59
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the symbolic meaning of the Tiger in Korean Folk Paintings, Minhwa, (hereafter, Minhwa) connected to its social contexts in Joseon period. Thinking of the Tiger Minhwa as a 'visual language' and regard the Tiger as a 'visual signifier' as well as the united-signifiers such as a Korean magpie, pine tree and so on in Minhwa. This research is to analyze these signifieds, 'Signified', what we say in this paper, have composed its symbolic meaning related to the social 'ideological complexes' and collective consciousness during Joseon period. In a word, the characteristic of the Tiger signifier has changed and spread out from the ideal trend to a worldly one. Since the late Joseon period, the change of the social contexts was, because of the civil classes who recognized the limitation of the Sung Confucianism(the doctrines of $Chi-Tz\={u}$), the predominated ideology of that time. To get rid of their uneasiness, they brought the Shamanism, Taoism and Buddhism at the front which were usually the lower class ideology or belief and tried to construct the collective consciousness and safety of their real lives. Therefore, the trend of this 'common conceptualization' show us the positiveness and flexibility to the Tiger signifier through the variation, appropriation and producing signifier. Moreover, even to the same Tiger, there were various meanings and most of them were concentrated in the meanings as follows ; Beoksa(in Korean term is to drive away evil spirits) and Gilsang, which is the good omen of a luck. All these were based on the value of 'this world'. In conclusion, through this research, the concept of the Tiger as a apotheosis has lowered its statutes and being secularized.