• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.328-334
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• 2024

The activation method of metallic foils is an important technique to measure the flux and energy of proton beams. In this paper, the method was used to measure the CSNS APEP proton flux at seven nominal proton energies ranging from 10 MeV to 70 MeV for beam spot sizes of the 20 mm × 20 mm and 50 mm × 50 mm. The reactions of ^natTi(p, x)⁴⁸V, ^natNi(p, x)⁵⁷Ni, ^natCu(p, x)⁵⁸Co, and ²⁷Al(p, x)²⁴Na were employed to measure the proton beam flux with a range of 10⁷-10⁹ p/cm²/s. Furthermore, we also proposed a method using the activity ratio with a stacked-foil target to determine the energy spread of a Gaussian-like distribution for different nominal proton energies. The optimal combinations of Al, Cu, Ti, Ni, Mo, Fe, Nb, and In foils were adopted for the proton energies. The measured energy spreads for degraded beams of 30 MeV-70 MeV were found to be smaller than 10.00%.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.138-149
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• 2003

KoFlux는 생태계와 대기 사이에 교환되는 이산화탄소, 수증기 및 에너지에 대한 우리의 이해를 높이고, FLUXNET과 CEOP등의 지역, 대륙 및 전구 규모의 관측망에 기여하기 위해서 시작되었다. 그거나 한반도의 지형적 특성 때문에 KoFlux의 대부분의 플럭스 타워는 관측에 이상적이지 못한 장소에 위치하고 있다. 탄소 및 에너지 교환의 정량화를 위해서 뿐만 아니라 군락 규모에서 지역 규모로 확장하기 위해서는 관측과 모델링을 병용한 다양한 접근 방법의 적용이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 지역 규모의 현열 플럭스를 추정하기 위해 타워 플럭스 관측, 대류 경계층(CBL) 수지 방법, MM5 중규모 모형, 그리고 NCAR/NCEP 재분석 자료의 네 가지의 방법을 사용하여 다양한 면적을 대표하는 현열 플럭스를 산출하여 비교하였다. 비록 제한된 짧은 기간의 자료를 사용하였으나, 예비 분석을 통하여 (1) 해남 농경지 플럭스 타워에서 관측된 현열 플럭스가 지표의 불균질성을 보였고, (2) CBL 수지 방법으로 얻어진 지역 규모의 현열 플럭스는 수평 이류 효과의 계산 방법에 따라 다른 결과를 보였으며, (3) MM5 중규모 모형은 타워 플럭스 관측 값과 아주 유사한 현열 값을 수치 모사하였다. 그러나 관측지의 불균질성과 두 방법이 대표하는 면적의 근본적인 차이를 고려할 때, 플럭스 발자국 분석, 지리정보 시스템 및 관측지의 위성 영상 분석에 근거한 타워 플럭스의 공간 대표성을 정량화하는 것이 시급한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.77-85
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• 1998

Effects of non-cleaning and cleaning fluxes on the wetting properties and defects at flow soldered joints were investigated. Non-cleaning flux (R-type of 3.3% solid content) and cleaning flux (RMA-type of 15% solid content) were used. Wetting test was accomplished by wetting balance method with changing surface state of wetting specimen, CU. Sn-37%Pb solder was used for wetting test and flow soldering. As experimental results, the wetting time for vertical force from the surface tension being zero was mainly affected by surface state of the wetting specimen. Non-cleaning flux had a good wettability compared with cleaning flux. In case of non-cleaning flux, conveyor speed had a great affection to defects of bridge, icicle, and poor solder.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.197-206
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• 1995

Surface heat balance of the northern sea of Cheju Island for summer in 1993 and 1994 is analyzed using the observation data obtained by Marine Research Institute, Cheju National University. Each flux elements at the sea surface is derived from the marine meteorological reports with application of an aerodynamical bulk method for the turbulent heat fluxes, and empirical formulae for the long-wave radiation heat fluxes. The flux divergence of oceanic heat transport and the rate of heat storage in the ocean are estimated as residual. The features of the surface heat balance are mainly decided by the solar radiation flux and the latent heat flux for 199B. But the Bowen Ratios were large for 1993. This means that the sensible heat fluxes were nearly equal to the latent heat fluxes for 1993. In this period, mean flux divergence of oceanic heat transport is about 130 W/$m^2$.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2008

This report describes the analytical solution of back EMF for BLDC motor using numerical analysis of air gap flux density. The analysis of air gap flux density is the key to expect the performance of back EMF for the design of brushless motor. The numerical analysis and FEM analysis are performed to vary attachment of stator side or rotor side, radial flux magnetization or parallel flux magnetization, magnet arc angle in the condition of constant air gap. This results have more reliable data comparing with test result of the back EMF for 7 phase BLDC motor.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.1364-1369
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• 2004

New method for the design, fabrication, and calibration of micro-machined heat flux sensor has been developed. Two types of micro-machined heat flux sensor having different thicknesses of the thermal-resistance layer are fabricated using the MEMS technique. Photo-resist patterning using a chrome mask, bulk-etching and copper-nickel sputtering using a shadow mask are applied to make heat flux sensors, which are calibrated in the convection-type heat flux calibration facility. The sensitivity of the device varies with thermal-resistance layer, and hence can be used to measure the heat flux in heat-transfer phenomena.

• 대기
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.483-492
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• 2016

We have examined the random error of eddy covariance (EC) measurements on the basis of two-tower approach during daytime. Two EC towers were placed on the grassland with different vegetation density near Gumi-weir. We calculated the random error using three different methods. The first method (M1) is two-tower method suggested by Hollinger and Richardson (2005) where random error is based on differences between simultaneous flux measurements from two towers in very similar environmental conditions. The second one (M2) is suggested by Kessomkiat et al. (2013), which is extended procedure to estimate random error of EC data for two towers in more heterogeneous environmental conditions. They removed systematic flux difference due to the energy balance deficit and evaporative fraction difference between two sites before determining the random error of fluxes using M1 method. Here, we introduce the third method (M3) where we additionally removed systematic flux difference due to available energy difference between two sites. Compared to M1 and M2 methods, application of M3 method results in more symmetric random error distribution. The magnitude of estimated random error is smallest when using M3 method because application of M3 method results in the least systematic flux difference between two sites among three methods. An empirical formula of random error is developed as a function of flux magnitude, wind speed and measurement height for use in single tower sites near Nakdong River. This study suggests that correcting available energy difference between two sites is also required for calculating the random error of EC data from two towers at heterogeneous site where vegetation density is low.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.50-56
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• 2004

MlAB(magnetically impelled arc butt) welding is a sort of pressure welding method by melting two pipe sections with high speed rotating arc and upsetting two pipes in the axial direction. The electro-magnetic force, the driving force of the arc rotation, is generated by interaction of arc current and magnetic field induced from the magnetic flux generator in the welding system. In this study, an openable coil system for the generation of magnetic flux and a 3-dimensional numerical model for analyzing the electro-magnetic field were proposed. Through the fundamental numerical analyses, a magnetic concentrator was adopted for smoothing the magnetic flux density distribution in the circumferential direction. And then a series of numerical analysis were performed for investigating the effect of system parameters on the magnetic flux density distribution in the interested welding area.. Numerical quantitative analyses showed that magnetic flux density distribution generated from the proposed coil system is mainly dependent on the exciting current in the coil and the position of coil or concentrator from the pipe outer surface. And the gap between pipe ends and arc current are also considered as important factors on arc rotating behavior.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.139-146
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• 2013

A process diagnosis method for membrane water treatment plant was developed using a constant flux membrane fouling model. This diagnosis method can be applied to a real-field membrane-based water treatment plant as an early alarming system for membrane fouling. The constant flux membrane fouling model was based on the simplest equation form to describe change in trans-membrane pressure (TMP) during the filtration cycle from a literature. The model was verified using a pilot-scale microfiltraton (MF) plant with two commercial MF membrane modules (72 m2 of membrane area). The predicted TMP data were produced using the model, where the modeling parameters were obtained by the least square method using the early plant data and modeling equations. The diagnosis was carried out by comparing the predicted TMP data (as baseline) and real plant data. As a result of the case study, the diagnsis method worked pretty well to predict the early points where fouling started to occur.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.176-183
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• 1991

본 연구는 경계요소법을 이용하여 비선형 자유표면파을 해석한 것이며, 가상경계처리는 유체 연속성을 고려하여 mass-flux와 energy-flux를 사용하여 유한진폭파동의 해석수법을 제시했다. 유체의 비선형성 때문에 증분법을 적용했으며 경계요소법에 의해 얻어진 결과는 유한요소법의 결과와 실험치와 비교하여 보았으며 좋은 일치가 얻어 졌다. 따라서, 이 방법은 광범위한 파동문제 해석에 유효하게 이용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.