• Title/Summary/Keyword: Fluidized bed process

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Immobilization of Thermolysin and Application of the Immobilized Thermolysin to Cheese-making (Thermolysin의 고정화(固定化)와 고정화(固定化) Thermolysin의 Cheese제조(製造)에의 이용(利用))

  • Yun, Se-Eok
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.245-251
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    • 1988
  • Thermolysin was immobilized on Dowex MWA-1 with 10% glutaraldehyde and incorpo rated into a fluidized-bed continuous coagulation scheme to make Cheddar type cheese. The activity yield of thermolysin was 25%. The immobillized thermolysin was stable at $60^{\circ}C$ in the presence of 1/200M calcium ions and the half-life value is 16 days at the temperature. Raw milk alkalified to pH 7.0 was passed through a column of thermolysin beads at $55^{\circ}C$, cultivated with Streptococcus cremoris and allowed to coagulate. A typical milk curd was formed to make Cheddar type cheese, avoiding troublesome microbial contamination successfully during continuous hydrolysis process. During ripening of this cheese for 6 months at $10^{\circ}C$, its ripening ratio and taste were similar to those of cheese prepared by the traditional method.

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The Effect of CBB(CaO·BaO·B2O3) Addition on the Physical Properties and Oxygen Transfer Reactivity of NiO-based Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion (CBB를 첨가한 NiO 산소전달입자의 물성 및 반응 특성)

  • BAEK, JEOM-IN;JO, HYUNGEUN;EOM, TAEHYOUNG;LEE, JOONGBEOM;RYU, HO-JUNG
    • Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.95-105
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    • 2016
  • Spray-dried NiO-based oxygen carriers developed for chemical looping combustion required high calcination temperatures above $1300^{\circ}C$ to obtain high mechanical strength applicable to circulating fluidized-bed process. In this study, the effect of CBB ($CaO{\cdot}BaO{\cdot}B_2O_3$) addition, as a binder, on the physical properties and oxygen transfer reactivity of spray-dried NiO-based oxygen carriers was investigated. CBB addition resulted in several positive effects such as reduction of calcination temperature and increase in oxygen transfer capacity and porosity. However, oxygen transfer rate was considerably decreased. This was more apparent when a higher amount of CBB was added and MgO was added together. From the experimental results, it is concluded that CBB added NiO-based oxygen carriers are not suitable for chemical looping combustion and a new method to reduce calcination temperature while maintaining high oxygen transfer rate of NiO-based oxygen carriers should be found out.

Performance Analysis of Absorbent for Post-combustion CO2 Capture by Regeneration (연소 후 CO2 포집을 위한 흡수제의 재생반응에 의한 성능 해석)

  • KIL, TAEHYOUNG;LEE, DONGHO;JO, SUNGHO;YI, CHANGKEUN;PARK, YEONGSEONG;RYU, HOJUNG
    • Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.83-94
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    • 2016
  • Performance of absorbent for post-combustion $CO_2$ capture was measured and discussed. Fully saturated fresh absorbent (P2-15F) and absorbents sampled from absorption and regeneration reactor of continuous $CO_2$ capture process, P2-15A, P2-15R, respectively, were used as representative absorbents. Small scale fluidized bed reactor (0.05 m I.D., 0.8 m high) which can measure exhaust gas concentration and weight change simultaneously was used to analyze regeneration characteristics for those absorbents. Exhausted moles of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ were measured with increasing temperature. $H_2O/CO$ ratio and working capacity were determined and discussed to confirm reason of reactivity decay after continuous operation. Moreover, possibility of side reaction was checked based on the $H_2O/CO_2$ mole ratio. Finally, suitable regeneration temperature range was confirmed based on the trend of working capacity with temperature.

The Study on the Removal Process of Heavy Metals from Mine Drainage Using Coal Bottom Ash (석탄 바닥회를 이용한 광산배수의 중금속 제거 공정 연구)

  • Kim, Hye Rim;Lee, Jung Mi;Han, In Kyu
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.29 no.6
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 2020
  • This study was carried out to utilize the coal bottom ash generated in a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler as a treatment agent for heavy metal ions, and experiments were conducted to remove heavy metal ions from the acid mine drainage. The batch experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dosage of ash, initial concentration of solution on the removal capacity of heavy metal ions (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb). The results of the experiment showed that the total removal capacity of heavy metals was 30.8 mg/L and 46.4 mg/g, respectively, under the condition that the concentration of coal ash was added as 15 g/L of heavy materials and 10 g/L of light materials. After that, a long-term column experiment was performed to determine the maximum removal capacity of heavy metal ions (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, As), and the removal capacity for each metal component was investigated. After approximately 60 days of operation, the maximum removal capacity of heavy metals was 23.6 mg/g at pH 9.25.

Process Simulation and Economic Feasibility of Upgraded Biooil Production Plant from Sawdust (톱밥으로부터 생산되는 개질 바이오오일 생산공장의 공정모사 및 경제성 분석)

  • Oh, Chang-Ho;Lim, Young-Il
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.56 no.4
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    • pp.496-523
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    • 2018
  • The objective of this study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of two fast pyrolysis and biooil upgrading (FPBU) plants including feed drying, fast pyrolysis by fluidized-bed, biooil recovery, hydro-processing for biooil upgrading, electricity generation, and wastewater treatment. The two FPBU plants are Case 1 of an FPBU plant with steam methane reforming (SMR) for $H_2$ generation (FPBU-HG, 20% yield), and Case 2 of an FPBU with external $H_2$ supply (FPBUEH, 25% yield). The process flow diagrams (PFDs) for the two plants were constructed, and the mass and energy balances were calculated, using a commercial process simulator (ASPEN Plus). A four-level economic potential approach (4-level EP) was used for techno-economic analysis (TEA) under the assumption of sawdust 100 t//d containing 40% water, 30% equity, capital expenditure equal to the equity, $H_2$ price of $1050/ton, and hydrocarbon yield from dried sawdust equal to 20 and 25 % for Case 1 and 2, respectively. TCI (total capital investment), TPC (total production cost), ASR (annual sales revenue), and MFSP (minimum fuel selling price) of Case 1 were $22.2 million, $3.98 million/yr, $4.64 million/yr, and $1.56/l, respectively. Those of Case 2 were $16.1 million, $5.20 million/yr, $5.55 million/yr, and $1.18/l, respectively. Both ROI (return on investment) and PBP (payback period) of Case 1(FPBU-HG) and Case 2(FPBU-EH) were the almost same. If the plant capacity increases into 1,500 t/d for Case 1 and Case 2, ROI would be improved into 15%/yr.

Deactivation causes of dry sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture (연소 후 이산화탄소 포집용 흡수제의 비활성화 원인 규명)

  • Cho, Min Sun;Chae, Ho Jin;Lee, Soo Chool;Jo, Seong Bin;Kim, Tae young;Lee, Chul Ho;Baek, Jeom-In;Kim, Jae Chang
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.57 no.2
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    • pp.253-258
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    • 2019
  • Several materials are used to design the sorbents applied in a fast-fluidized bed process for post-combustion $CO_2$ capture. In this study, $K_2CO_3$-based dry sorbent (KMC) was prepared by using Micro-cell C (MCC), one of the materials used to design the sorbent, and then its $CO_2$ sorption and regeneration properties were evaluated. KMC sorbent showed a low $CO_2$ capture capacity of 21.6 mg $CO_2/g$ sorbent, which is about 22% of the theoretical value (95.4 mg $CO_2/g$ sorbent) even at 1 cycle, and showed a low $CO_2$ capture capacity of 13.7 mg $CO_2/g$ sorbent at 5 cycles. It was confirmed that the KMC sorbent was deactivated due to the formation of a $K_2Ca$ $(CO_3)_2$ phase, resulting from the reaction of the $K_2CO_3$ with the Ca component contained in the MCC. In order to solve the deactivation of sorbent, and KM8 sorbent was prepared by adding the process of calcining the MCC at $850^{\circ}C$. The KM8 sorbent showed a high $CO_2$ capture capacity of 95.2 mg $CO_2/g$ sorbent and excellent regeneration property. Thus, it was confirmed that the deactivation of the sorbent could be solved by adding the calcining step to remove the side reaction causing material.

Developments of Water Treatment System by Biological Fluidized Bed for Water Reuse Aquaculture (생물학적 유동층을 이용한 어류양식 순환수의 처리씨스템 개발)

  • LEE Ki-Wan
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.380-391
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    • 1993
  • The experimental study was made to propose the treatment method of wastewater in the high-density fish culture system. The BOD to COD ratios of effluents were almost same to 0.65 in the eel-farm, but were various in the farm rearing together with tilapia etc. A BOD rate curve of the eel-farm effluent could be described mathematically by the equation, $BODu=14.1(1-10^{-0.222t})+30.9(1-10^{-0.035(t-8)})$. Nitrification in Biological Fluidized Bed(BFB) system to treat the fish-farm wastewater could be reduce ammonium level up to $65{\sim}79\%$ when ammonium loading rates were between 0.014 and 0.075g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day. Nitrification efficiency was decreased by organic matters in the wastewater when ammonium loading was low(0.014 g $NH_4/g$ BVS-day). T-N removal ratios were decreased to increase loading in denitrification process, because of low C/N ratio. Based on much higher biological mass concentrations, BFB system takes many advantages of a practical viewpoint, such as stability of treatment efficiency and reduction of necessary site area for the facility, as compared with conventional treatment systems.

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Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea

  • Kwon Y.K.;Chough S.K.;Choi D.K.;Lee D.J.
    • 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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    • autumn
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    • pp.63-65
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    • 2001
  • The Chosen Supergroup (Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates and contains a variety of limestone conglomerates. These conglomerates largely comprise oligomictic, rounded lime-mudstone clasts of various size and shape (equant, oval, discoidal, tabular, and irregular) and dolomitic shale matrices. Most clasts are characterized by jigsaw-fit (mosaic), disorganized, or edgewise fabric and autoclastic lithology. Each conglomerate layer is commonly interbedded with limestone-dolomitic shale couplets and occasionally underlain by fractured limestone layer, capped by calcareous shale. According to composition, characteristic sedimentary structures, and fabric, limestone conglomerates in the Hwajol, Tumugol, Makkol, and Mungok formations of Chosen Supergroup can be classified into 4 types: (1) disorganized polymictic conglomerate (Cd), (2) horizontally stratified polymictic conglomerate (Cs), (3) mosaic conglomerate (Cm), and (4) disorganized/edgewise oligomictic conglomerate (Cd/e). These conglomerates are either depositional (Cd and Cs) or diagenetic (Cm and Cd/e) in origin. Depositional conglomerates are interpreted as storm deposits, tidal channel fills, or transgressive lag deposits. On the other hand, diagenetic conglomerates are not deposited by normal sedimentary processes, but formed by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Diagenetic conglomerates in the Chosen Supergroup are characterized by autoclastic and oligomictic lithology of lime-mudstone clasts, jigsaw-fit (mosaic) fabric, edgewise fabric, and a gradual transition from the underlying bed (Table 1). Autoclastic and oligomictic lithologies may be indicative of subsurface brecciation (fragmentation). Consolidation of lime-mudstone clasts pre-requisite for brecciation may result from dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 by degradation of organic matter during burial. Jigsaw-fit fabric has been considered as evidence for in situ fragmentation. The edgewise fabric is most likely formed by expulsion of pore fluid during compaction. The lower boundary of intraformational conglomerates of depositional origin is commonly sharp and erosional. In contrast, diagenetic conglomerate layers mostly show a gradual transition from the underlying unit, which is indicative of progressive fragmentation upward (Fig. 1). The underlying fractured limestone layer also shows evidence for in situ fragmentation such as jigsaw-fit fabric and the same lithology as the overlying conglomerate layer (Fig, 1). Evidence from the conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that diagenetic conglomerates are formed by in situ subsurface fragmentation of limestone layers and rounding of the fragments. In situ subsurface fragmentation may be primarily due to compaction, dewatering (upward-moving pore fluids), and dissolution, accompanying volume reduction. This process commonly occurs under the conditions of (1) alternating layers of carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor sediments and (B) early differential cementation of carbonate-rich layers. Differential cementation commonly takes place between alternating beds of carbonate-rich and clay-rich layers, because high carbonate content promotes cementation, whereas clay inhibits cementation. After deposition of alternating beds and differential cementation, with progressive burial, upward-moving pore fluid may raise pore-pressure in the upper part of limestone layers, due to commonly overlying impermeable shale layers (or beds). The high pore-pressure may reinforce propagation of fragmentation and cause upward-expulsion of pore fluid which probably produces edgewise fabric of tabular clasts. The fluidized flow then extends laterally, causing reorientation and further rounding of clasts. This process is analogous to that of autobrecciation, which can be analogously termed autoconglomeration. This is a fragmentation and rounding process whereby earlier semiconsolidated portions of limestone are incorporated into still fluid portions. The rounding may be due mainly to immiscibility and surface tension of lime-mud. The progressive rounding of the fragmented clasts probably results from grain attrition by fluidized flow. A synthetic study of limestone conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that very small percent of the conglomerate layers are of depositional origin, whereas the rest, more than $80\%$, are of diagenetic origin. The common occurrence of diagenetic conglomerates warrants further study on limestone conglomerates elsewhere in the world.

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Effects of Operating Variables on Sorption Capacity of CO2 Absorbents for SEWGS Process (SEWGS 공정용 CO2 흡수제들의 흡수능력에 미치는 조업변수들의 영향)

  • Ryu, Ho-Jung;Kim, Hyo-Sung;Lee, Seung-Yong;Lee, Dong-Ho;Kim, Jae-Chang
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.50 no.6
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    • pp.994-1001
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    • 2012
  • The Effects of operating variables on reactivity of two $CO_2$ absorbents (PKM1-SU and P4-600) for SEWGS process were investigated in a pressurized fluidized bed reactor. For both $CO_2$ absorbents, $CO_2$ sorption capacity decreased as the number of absorption-regeneration cycles increased. PKM1-SU absorbent represented higher $CO_2$ sorption capacity than that of P4-600 absorbent. However, P4-600 absorbent represented better performance than PKM1-SU absorbent from the view points of regeneration temperature and regeneration rate. For PKM1-SU absorbent, $CO_2$ sorption capacity increased as the steam concentration increased. However, $CO_2$ sorption capacity increased initially as the steam concentration increased from 5% to 10%, but maintained thereafter for P4-600 absorbent. For both $CO_2$ absorbents, $CO_2$ sorption capacity increased as the final regeneration temperature increased. For PKM1-SU absorbent, $CO_2$ sorption capacity increased as the pressure increased and the increment tendency was drastic at higher pressure than 15 bar.

A Study on the Growth Characteristics of Commercially Developed Nitrifying Bacteria and its Application to Activated Sludge Process (상업용 질산화 박테리아의 성장특성과 활성슬러지 공정에서의 적용 방법에 따른 연구)

  • Whang, Gyu-Dae;Lee, Bong-Hee
    • Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.595-604
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    • 2006
  • The growth characteristics of Commercially Developed Nitrifying Bacteria (CDNB) were studied in laboratoryscale. CDNB, a pure, artificially isolated bacterium, was cultivated to produce Cultivated Nitrifying Bacterium Group (CNBG). The average ammonia removal rate of CDNB was 0.0234g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr. CNBG was produced in the batch reactor and Specific Nitrification Rate (SNR) was determined at 0.0107g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr. The SNR of CNBG was lower than the SNR of CDNB because the diverse and multi-cultured microbial growth took place during cultivation. The effect of the temperatures and the mixing ratios of sewage and culture solution on the SNR of CNBG was studied. The SNR of CNBG, 0.0107g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr at $27^{\circ}C$, decreased to 0.0048g $NH_4^+-N/g$ MLSS/hr at $15^{\circ}C$, and temperature coefficient (${\Theta}$) was calculated to be 1.07. With the varied sewage mixing ratios, the SNR of CNBG remained unchanged. Activated sludge reactors maintaining an MLSS of 2,000mg/L at HRT of 4 h were operated under conditions in which dosage of Concentrated CNBG Solution (CCNBGS, 10,000mg MLSS/L) and application method of CNBG were varied. The reactor with 20mL of CCNBGS took shorter time to oxidize $NH_4^+-N$ reaching 1mg/L than the reactor with 5mL of CCNBGS showing that higher dosages were associated with greater mass removal of $NH_4^+-N$. However, the total removal was not great. In terms of different methods of CNBG application, reactor seeded with 20mL of CCNBGS took 3days to reach 1mg/L of effluent ammonia concentration while reactor dosed with 20% (v/v) CNBG implanted media took 2days. Both the control reactor and the reactor dosed with 20% (v/v) media only did not reach 1mg $NH_4^+-N/L$ after operating 18days. The reactor with CNBG implanted media had the highest $NH_4^+-N$ removal rate because of maintaining high concentration of Nitrifying Oxidizing Bacteria (NOM), and is regarded as an appropriate method for the activated sludge process.