• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.661-670
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• 1998

Dopamine has been generally known to exert antinociceptive action in behavioral pain test, such as tail flick and hot plate test, but there appears to be a great variance in the reports on the antinociceptive effect of dopamine depending on the dosage and route of drug administration and type of animal preparation. In the present study, the effects of dopamine on the responses of wide dynamic range (WDR) cells to mechanical, thermal and graded electrical stimuli were investigated, and the dopamine-induced changes in WDR cell responses were compared between animals with an intact spinal cord and the spinal animals. Spinal application of dopamine (1.3 & 2.6 mM) produced a dose-dependent inhibiton of WDR cell responses to afferent inputs, the pinch-induced or the C-fiber evoked responses being more strongly depressed than the brush-induced or the A-fiber evoked responses. The dopamine-induced inhibition was more pronounced in the spinal cat than in the cat with intact spinal cord. The responses of WDR cell to thermal stimulation were also strongly inhibited. Dopamine $D_2$ receptor antagonist, sulpiride, but not $D_1$ receptor antagonist, significantly blocked the inhibitory action of dopamine on the C-fiber and thermal responses of dorsal horn cells. These findings suggest that dopamine strongly suppresses the responses of WDR cells to afferent signals mainly through spinal dopamine $D_2$ receptors and that spinal dopaminergic processes are under the tonic inhibitory action of the descending supraspinal pathways.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.686-695
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• 2020

The present study evaluated the manual dexterity and usability of conductive gloves when operating touchscreen devices in the cold. Twelve male subjects (23.3±1.5 years in age) participated in three experimental conditions: no gloves, fabric conductive and lambskin conductive gloves. Manual dexterity was tested using both Purdue Pegboard (PP) and ASTM dexterity tests at an air temperature of 5℃ and air humidity of 30%RH. Glove usability was tested through the following touchscreen tests: tap, double tap, long tab, drag, flick, and multi-touch. The results showed that manual dexterity according to the PP (2.5 mm of a pin diameter) and ASTM tests (8 mm of a stick diameter) was worse for the two glove conditions than for the no glove condition (p<.005). PP dexterity was better for the fabric glove condition than for the lambskin glove condition (p<.05); however, there was no difference in ASTM dexterity between the two glove conditions. Hand and finger skin temperatures were higher for the glove conditions than the bare hand condition (p<.05), with no differences between the two glove conditions. The touchscreen usability was the best for the no glove condition, followed by fabric gloves (p<.05). Wearing either fabric or lambskin gloves diminishes hand dexterity while maintaining hand and finger temperatures at higher levels. For improved hand dexterity in dealing with small numbers, letters on a touchscreen in cold environments, we recommend wearing fabric conductive gloves rather than lambskin conductive gloves.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 1997

The analgesic effects of DA-5018, a new caosaucin derivative, were evaluated in various experimental pain models. Drugs were administered subcutaneously or topically. When drugs were administered subcutaneously, 1) the $ED_{50}$ of DA-5018, morphine . HCI, capsaicin and acetaminophen were 0.091-2.0, 0.3-4.3, 1.4-26.5 and 45.4-643 mg/kg, respectively in various pain or inflammatory models including acetic acid writhing, formalin, tail flick, Randall-Selitto, hot plate and crouton oil-induced ear edema test, 2) the AD2 values (the dose for doubling of pain threshold of vehicle control) of DA-5018, capsaicin and ketoprpgin were 1.07 $\pm$ 0. 18, 23.47$\pm$4.46 and 2.97$\pm$0.43 mg/kg in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic pain model. And by topical application, 1) neither DA-5018 0.3% cream nor Zostrix-HP (capsaicin 0.075%) were effective in formalin test, 2) although DA-5018 0.3% cream significantly inhibited the croton oil-induced ear edema being better than Zostrix-HP and Kenofen (ketoprofen 3%). 3) In FCA model, DA-5018 0.3% cream reversed the decreased pain threshold of arthritic rat from 136.4 g (day 0) to 289.0 g (day 5) and 250.1 g (day 10), which was similar to Zostrix-HP. These results suggest that DA-5018 administered subcutaneously has a potent and broad analgesic spectrum than nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs against acute and chronic pain, and by topical application it exerts comparable analgesic and antiinglammaatory effects to capsaicin cream.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.238-243
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• 2010

In the present study, the antinociceptive profiles of Viola tricolor L. (V. tricolor L.) extract were examined in ICR mice. V. tricolor L. extract administered orally (200mg/kg) showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick and hot-plate tests. In addition, V. tricolor L. extract attenuated the writhing numbers in the acetic acid-induced writhing test. Furthermore, the cumulative nociceptive response time for intrathecal (i.t.) injection of substance P (0.7 ${\mu}g$) was diminished by V. tricolor L. extract. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) pretreatment with yohimbine (${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist) attenuated antinociceptive effect induced by V. tricolor L. extract in the writhing test. However, naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) or methysergide (5-HT serotonergic receptor antagonist) did not affect antinociception induced by V. tricolor L. extract in the writhing test. Our results suggest that V. tricolor L. extract shows an antinociceptive property in various pain models. Furthermore, this antinociceptive effect of V. tricolor L. extract may be mediated by ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic receptor, but not opioidergic and serotonergic receptors.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.77-90
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• 2006

Objectives : To evaluate the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture on Choksamni (ST36) in the collagen-induced arthritis rats and investigate the role played by serotonergic receptor subtypes $(5-HT_{1A},\;5-HT_{1B},\;5-HT_4)$ in the antinociceptive effect of electroacupuncture in the thermal hyperalgesia test. Methods : Immunization of male Sprague-Dawley rats with bovine type II collagen emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, followed by booster injection 14 days later induced collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). The thermal hyperalgesia was evaluated weekly with tail flick latency (TFL). In the fourth week after first immunization. EA stimulation (2Hz, 0.07mA, 0.3ms) was delivered into Choksamni for 20 minutes. We measured the analgesic effect of EA with TFL afer intraperitoneal injection of normal saline, WAYl00635, SB216641 and GR125487. Results : TFLs were gradually decreased in CIA as time elapsed after the immunization of arthrogenic collagen and the maximum value was reached from third to fifth week. EA stimulation on ST36 inhibited chronic inflammatory pain induced by CIA. The analgesic effect of EA was inhibited by pretreatment of $5-HT_{1A}$. antagonist (WAYl00635), $5-HT_{1B}$ antagonist (SB216641) and $5-HT_4$ antagonist (GR125487). Conclusion : Electroacupuncture has the analgesic effect on chronic inflammatory pain and its mechanism was mediated by $5-HT_{1A}$, $5-HT_{1B}$ and $5-HT_4$.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.196-203
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• 2008

The methanol extract of the root of Artanema sesamoides Family Scrophuilariaceae (MEAS) was investigated for possible analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects in animals. Three models were used to study the extract effects on nociception, which were acetic acid-induced writhing response, hot-plate method and the tail flick test in mice. The antiinflammatory effects were evaluated using carrageenan, dextran, histamine and serotonin induced rat paw oedema (acute) and cotton pellet induced granuloma (chronic) models in rats. Results of the study revealed that the extract exhibited significant (P < 0.001) analgesic effect at a dose of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w p.o in mice in all the models. In acute model, the MEAS also exhibited significant (P < 0.001) antiinflammatory effect in all the above mentioned doses. In chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) the MEAS 200 mg/kg and indomethacin 10 mg/kg showed that inhibition of granuloma formation 25.0% and 47.7% respectively (P < 0.001). The MEAS and indomethacin were effectively preventing the transudation of the fluid. Thus, the present study revealed that the methanol extract of the root of Artanema sesamoides exhibited significant analgesic and antiinflammatory activity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2008

The effect of alcoholic extracts of Costus specious (Family: Zingiberaceae) was evaluated in experimental models of pain and inflammation. Oral administration of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of C. specious extracts were used for the above study. Crude extracts of C. specious (300 mg/kg dose) showed maximum time needed for the response against thermal stimuli ($7.242\;{\pm}\;0.532\;s$) which is comparable to diclofenac sodium ($8.471\;{\pm}\;0.25\;s$) in the hot plate test. The MPH (Maximum Possible Analgesia) has been found to be 14.285 for 300 mg/kg dose of the crude extract while the MPH for diclofenac was 15.857 after 60 min of administration in the hot tail-flick method. The crude extract at 300 and 200 mg/kg doses showed significant reduction in acetic acid induced writhings in mice with a maximum effect of 59.661% reduction at 300 mg/kg dose which is comparable to standard diclofenac sodium (73.4%). Alcoholic extract of C. specious showed significant inhibition in serotonin and egg albumin induced hind paw oedema in rats at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg of the crude extracts respectively (Serotonin induced edema 44.22; 53.75; 58.51%; egg albumin induced edema - 41.317; 53.892; 59.880% inhibition after 4 h respectively). The antiinflammatory effects showed by the extract were comparable to that of standard indomethacin 5 mg/kg (Serotonin induced edema 77.56%; egg albumin induced edema 77.844% inhibition after 4 h). These results suggest that the extract possesses both the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity on mice and rat model.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.235-235
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• 1996

1. 초산 writhing법에서 DA-5018, morphine, capsaicin 및 acetaminophen의 E $D_{50}$ 은 각각 0.1, 0.3, 1.4 및 45.4 mg/kg이었으며, formalin법에서 DA-5018과 morphine의 E $D_{50}$은 0.17과 4.3 mg/kg이었다. Randall-Selitto법에서 DA-5018, morphine, capsaicin 및 acetaminophen의 E $D_{50}$은 0.66, 3.9, 4.2 및 643 mg/kg이었다. Tail flick법에서 DA-5018, morphine 및 capsaicin의 E $D_{50}$ 은 2.0, 2.6 및 14.2 mg/kg이었고 hot plate법에서 DA-5018과 capsaicin의 E $D_{50}$은 1.7 및 26.5mg/kg이었다. 그러나 열자극에 의한 동통모델에서 acetaminophen은 진통효과가 없었다. 2. Streptozotocin유발 당뇨랫드에 DA-5018 0.2, 0.5 및 1.0mg/kg 또는 capsaicin 10 mg/kg 투여시 1, 3, 7 일째에서 각각 유의성있는 동통역치의 증가를 나타내었으나 ketoprofen(10 mg/kg) 및 desipramin(10 mg/kg) 투여시는 동통역치의 유의성있는 증가가 나타내지 않았다. 관절염 동통모델에서 DA-5018, ketoprofen 및 capsaicin을 투여한 후 7일째에 동통역치를 2배 증가시키는 용량은 각각 0.66, 3.76 및 17.38 mg/kg이었다. 3. 이상의 결과로부터 DA-5018은 morphine 및 capsaicin에 비해 동등 이상의 효력을 갖고 있으며, 비스테로이드성 진통제보다 효능이 우수함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.343-361
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• 2013

We proposed and evaluated a tag semantic analysis method in which original tags are expanded and the semantic relations between original or expanded tags are used to extract key sentences from lecture speech transcripts. To do that, we first investigated how useful Flickr tag clusters and WordNet synonyms are for expanding tags and for detecting the semantic relations between tags. Then, to evaluate our proposed method, we compared it with a latent semantic analysis (LSA) method. As a result, we found that Flick tag clusters are more effective than WordNet synonyms and that the F measure mean (0.27) of the tag semantic analysis method is higher than that of LSA method (0.22).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.417-422
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the synergistic potentiation effect of ineffective doses of dexmedetomidine on antinociception induced by morphine and fentanyl in acute pain model in rats. Seventy albino Wistar rats were separated into 7 groups. Data for the control and sham groups were recorded. The ineffective dose of dexmedetomidine was investigated and found to be 3 ${\mu}g/kg$. Each group was administered the following medications: 3 mg/kg morphine (intraperitoneal) to Group 3, 5 ${\mu}g/kg$ fentanyl (intraperitoneal) to Group 4, dexmedetomidine 3 ${\mu}g/kg$ (subcutaneously) to Group 5, dexmedetomidine 3 ${\mu}g/kg$ (subcutaneous)+3 mg/kg morphine (intraperitoneal) to Group 6 and finally 3 ${\mu}g/kg$ dexmedetomidine (subcutaneous)+5 ${\mu}g/kg$ fentanyl (intraperitoneal) to Group 7. Just before the application and 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after the administration of medication, two measurements of tail flick (TF) and hot plate (HP) tests were performed. The averages of the measurements were recorded. TF and HP latencies were the main outcomes. The analgesic effect of the combinations with dexmedetomidine+morphine (Group 6) and dexmedetomidine+fentanyl (Group 7), compared to the analgesic effect of morphine alone and fentanyl alone was significantly higher at 15, 30, 60 and 90 minutes after administration. In this study, dexmedetomidine in ineffective doses, when combined with morphine and fentanyl, potentiates the effects of both morphine and fentanyl.