• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.238-249
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• 2021

In this study, the effect on flame retardancy and various physical properties when TiO₂ was added with a citric acid/phosphate complex acid catalyst together with Pyrovatex CP new (N-methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide), a phosphorus-based flame retardant, was studied on cotton fibers. SEM-EDS analysis was performed to confirm the surface characteristics and surface element analysis of the flame-retardant treated cotton fibers, and a vertical carbonization test was performed to confirm the char formation capability and flame retardancy according to the phosphoric acid ratio. By comparing the LOI index before and after washing 10 times, the washing durability of the flame retardant solution containing the phosphoric acid catalyst and TiO₂ was tested by LOI index after ten washing cycles. In addition, the influence of the flame-retardant processing on the physical properties were compared including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tear strength and whiteness.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.29-36
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• 2019

The combustion properties required for fire simulations of multi-layer, multi-component flame retardant cables were measured using a cone calorimeter. The CO and soot yields combustion efficiencies of the flame retardant cables were investigated. TFR-8 (flame retardant PCV and XLPE added), TFR-CVV-SB (flame retardant PCV and general PVC), and VCTF, which are excellent in the flame retardancy of cables, were considered. As the main result, the CO yield (y_CO) of the TFR-8 and TFR-CVV-SB flame retardant cables increased by 23% and 16%, respectively, with increasing incident radiation heat flux from 25 kW/㎡ to 50 kW/㎡. On the other hand, the CO yield of VCTF was not influenced significantly by the changes in radiant heat flux. Finally, the soot yield and combustion efficiency increased as the sheath material (flame retardant performance) was strengthened. Therefore, in a fire environment where various heat fluxes coexist, attention should be paid to the top of the application of the combustion property of the flame retardant cable.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2009

This study examined the thermal stability of PLA-WF bio-composites. Wood flour (WF)-filled PLA bio-composites were reinforced with the flame retardants, Melamine pyrophosphate (MPP), resorcinol bis (diphenyl phosphate) (RDP) and zinc borate (ZB). The flame retardant was compounded with PLA and natural biodegradable filler. The thermal properties of the biodegradable polymer and bio-composites reinforced with the flame retardant were measured and analyzed by DSC, DMA and TGA. The results showed that the flame retardant-reinforced biodegradable bio-composite exhibited improved thermal properties.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.65-71
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• 2002

In this paper, the thermal and flame properties of GFRP with various flame retardant(aluminum trihydrate, antimony trioxide) compositions have been investigated by thermal analysis and flammability tests(LOI test, flammability 45 degree test). The flame and mechanical properties(hardness, tensile strength, modulus) of general purpose grade glass fiber/unsaturated polyester composite with flame retardant composition have been also evaluated. The effect of cure pressure on the flame properties of aerospace grade glass fiber/epoxy composite was investigated. Considering the flame and mechanical property of composite, we could determine the optimum flame retardant composition(ATH 10∼20 phr). Test results show that the flame property of glass fiber/epoxy composite is considerably affected by cure pressure conditions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.3249-3253
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• 2014

A novel triazole-functionalized phenolic resin was developed, and its thermal and flame-retardant properties were investigated. The triazole group was incorporated as a pendant unit on the phenolic resin via copper-mediated click chemistry between propargylated phenolic resin and benzyl azide. The newly-developed triazole-functionalized phenolic resin showed higher thermal stability and char yield, together with a reduced total heat release (THR), than the non-functionalized bare phenolic resin, indicating enhanced flame retardancy for the triazole-functionalized phenolic resin.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.77-84
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• 1998

Two-component polyurethane flame retardant coatings were prepared by blending phosphate-containing modified polyesters(PMPEs) and TDI-adduct. PMPEs were synthesized by polycondensation of dimethyl phenylphosphonate, a flame retardant component, with 1,4-butanediol, adipic acid, and trimethylolpropane. The content of dimethyl phenylphosphonate was varied 10, 15, and 20wt% for the reaction. Various physical properties of these new flame retardant coatings were comparable to non-flame retardant coatings. Coatings with 20wt% dimethyl phenylphosphonate did not burn during the vertical burning test.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2000

Pyrophosphoric lactone modified polyester(PATT) that contains two phosphorous functional groups in one unit base resin structure was synthesized to prepare a non-toxic reactive flame retardant coatings. Then the PATT was cured at room temperature with isocyanate, Desmodur IL, to get a two-component polyurethane flame retardant coatings(PIPUC). Comparing the physical properties of the films of PIPUC with the film of non-flame retardant coatings, there was no degradation observed in physical properties by the introduction of a flame-retarding component into the resin. We found that the char lengths measured by $45^{\circ}$Meckel burner method were $3.1{\sim}4.4cm$ and LOI values recorded $27{\sim}30%$. These results indicate that the coatings prepared in this study is good flame retardant one. The surface structure of coatings investigated with SEM does not show any defects and phase separation.

• Composites Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.29-39
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• 2015

Natural fibers reinforced polymer composites are being used in several low strength applications. More research is going on to improve their mechanical and interface properties for structural applications. However, these composites have serious issues regarding flammability, which are not being focused broadly. A limited amount of literature has been published on the flame retardant techniques and flammability factor of natural fibers based polymer matrix composites. Therefore, it is needed to address the flammability properties of natural fibers based polymer composites to expand their application area. This paper summarizes some of the recent literature published on the subject of flammability and flame retardant methods applied to natural fibers reinforced polymer matrix composites. Different factors affecting the flammability, flame retardant solutions, mechanisms and characterization techniques have been discussed in detail.

• Composites Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.359-364
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• 2022

Polymers are inherently vulnerable to flame, which limits their application to various high-tech industries. In addition, environmental regulations restrict the use of halogen-based flame retardants which has best flame-retardant effect. There are inorganic flame retardants and phosphorous flame retardants as representative non-halogen-based flame retardants. However, high content of flame retardants is required to impart high flame retardancy of the polymers, and this leads to a decrease in mechanical properties. In this research, a new approach for inorganic flame retardant-based polymer composites with high mechanical properties and flame retardancy was suggested. Inorganic flame retardants called as magnesium oxysulfate whisker (MOSw) were used in this research. MOSw can extinguish fire by releasing water and non-combustible gases when exposed to flame. In addition, they have reinforcing effect when added into the polymer with its high aspect ratio. Expandable graphite (EG) was used as a flame-retardant supplement by helping to form a more dense char layer. Through this research, it is expected that it can be applied to various industries requiring flame retardancy such as automobile, and architecture by replacing halogen-based flame polymer composites.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.264-271
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• 2006

PU type flame-retardant coatings (TBAO/L-75, TBAOL ; TBAO/N-100, TBAON) were prepared by blending bromine-containing modified polyester (TBAO) which was synthesized in our earlier work. with two kinds of isocyanate curing agents, Desmodur L-75 and Desmodur N-100. Physical properties of the prepared flame-retardant coatings were tested. TBAOL shows better hardness than TBAON, while TBAON shows better viscosity, accelerated weathering resistance, yellowness index and lightness index difference than TBAOL. There were no remarkable differences in fineness of grind, $60^{\circ}$ specular gloss, cross-hatch adhesion, and abrasion resistance of TBAOL and TBAON. There was no discernable difference in flame-retardancy between the two flame-retardant coatings, TBAOL and TBAON. When the content of tribromo acetic acid, which is flame-retarding component, was 30wt% the LOI value was in a range of $29{\sim}30%$, which indicates that the two coatings are good flame-retardant coatings.