• 한국의사학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2010

The narration of "Donguibogam" is focused on humans whilst medical books before it focused on diseases. This is shown from the first subtitle of External Body(身形門) chapter, [The Origin of Hyung-Ki(形氣之始)]. The contents of [The Origin of Hyung-Ki] explains that the human body is composed of 'Hyung(形)' and 'Ki(氣)' This perspective is shown throughout "Donguibogam". First, in the aspect of construction, the viewpoint is shown from the JipRye(集例). It divides the body into inside and outside, which is a result of Hyung-Ki perspective. This continues in the table of contents. Naegyeongpyeon(內景) and Oehyeongpyeon(外形) describes the inside and outside of the body, in other words 'Hyung-Ki'. Japbyeongpyeon(雜病) describes complex illnesses with mixed insides and outsides. Tangaekpyeon(湯液) and Chimgupyeon(鍼灸) can be understood as division of treatment methods into inside and outside. When we look at the contents, the human body is created on the basis of the essence and vital energy of the world. Cheon-Ki becomes the 'Ki' that forms the functions of the body, while Ji-Ki becomes the 'Hyung' that constructs the bodily structure. It is considered that 'Hyung' is composed of SaDae(the body essence, vital energy, mentality and blood), and 'Ki' is composed of OSang(the five Jang organs and six Bu organs). 'Hyung' and 'Ki' show various appearances according to physiology and pathology. 'Hyung' is especially shown by obesity or thinness, 'Ki' by color. The obese may have Ki deficiency, coldness, dampness or phlegm. The thin could have blood deficiency, heat, fire or dryness. The color could show the pathology of the five Jang organs by the five colors, but it can simply be divided into black and white, where black means Eum deficiency, and white means Yang deficiency. It is said that the distinctive feature of traditional Korean medicine is that it is a constitutional medicine. In this perspective, further study on 'Hyung-Ki' is of value. If "Donguibogam" was the foundation of the Sasang Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學), study on 'Hyung-Ki' means searching for the origin of the Sasang Constitutional Medicine. Also, the study on Sasang Constitutional Medicine and Hyungsang medicine(形象醫學) will show the modern image of "Donguibogam". Hence, interchange study between "Donguibogam", Sasang Constitutional Medicine and Hyungsang medicine through the term 'Hyung-Ki' could hopefully lead to academic progression.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.510-516
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• 2013

Background This paper discusses the treatment protocol for patients with frostbite. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of a series of 17 patients with second- and higher-degree frostbite who had been treated at our medical institution between 2010 and 2012. Results Our clinical series of patients (n=17) included 13 men and four women, whose mean age was $42.4{\pm}11.6$ years (range, 22-67 years). The sites of injury include the foot in six patients (35.3%), the hand in six patients (35.3%) and the facial region in five patients (29.4%). Seven patients with second-degree frostbite were completely cured with only conservative treatment during a mean period of $12.7{\pm}3.3$ days (range, 8-16 days). Of the five patients with third-degree frostbite, two underwent skin grafting following debridement, and the remaining three achieved a complete cure with conservative treatment during a mean period of $35{\pm}4.3$ days (range, 29-39 days). Five patients with fourth-degree frostbite were treated with surgical procedures including amputation. Conclusions With the appropriate conservative management in the early stage of onset, surgeons should decide on surgery after waiting for a sufficient period of time until the demarcation of the wound. Continuous management of patients is also needed to achieve functional recovery after a complete cure has been achieved. This should also be accompanied by patient education for the avoidance of re-exposure to cold environments.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.121-130
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• 2009

Traditionally, Korean Medicine put emphasis on the treatment and health-preserve method that corresponds with circulation of nature. And acupuncture is no exception to this rule. In "Hwangjenaegyeong(黃帝內經)", some chapters present method that is changed according to the seasons. Among the chapters, there are some difference, but we can find a general theory. In spring, Yanggi(陽氣) is coming out but not strong and cannot diffuse. so the Yanggi(陽氣) hang up the middle of outer layer. Therefore, we can take some acupoints around the muscle interspace[分腠] or tiny branches of Meridian[孫絡]. In summer, Yanggi(陽氣) flourish and boil all around of the outer layer. So, we can take some acupunctural points from skin to the yang-meridian. In both fall and winter, five su point[五輸穴] make up almost of point. in fall, yanggi begin convergence. we can remove the Eum-pathogen[陰邪] and help the normal convergence by using Stream point[腧穴], River point[經穴] and Sea point[合穴]. In winter, Eum surround so solidly that the neo Yanggi(陽氣) cannot come out. So, we can break the yin by using Well point[井穴] and make be strong by Spring point[滎穴]. If we Study the method that correspond with the seasonal circulation more, we will be able to treat diseases more minutely.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.323-334
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate which current densities and etching times will result in an optimal etching depth and surface roughness when an Ni-Cr-Be alloy is etched with 30% perchloric acid($HClO_4$). For this study, observations were made by means of an optical three-dimensional surface roughness measuring machine and a scanning electron microscope. The etchings took place under the following conditions using current densities of $300mA/cm^2\;450mA/cm^2,\;600mA/cm^2$ and $750mA/cm^2$, and using etching time of three, five, six, seven and nine minutes. Under the conditions, the experiments reached the following conclusions. 1. When the current density is above $450mA/cm^2$ and the etching time is longer than five minutes, the etching depth increased as the current density and etching time increased. And the surface roughness was significantly influenced by the interaction of the current density and etching time. 2. Under the etching conditions of $600mA/cm^2$ and five minutes, the optimal etching depth for a resin cement space and the highest surface roughness for mechanical retention were obtained. The etching depth and surface roughness were $32.86{\mu}m$ and $7.90{\mu}m$, respectively. 3. Observations under the scanning electron microscope showed that both the corrosion at the grain boundary and the corrosion within the grain occurred on the etched surface. It was also observed that the corrosion at the grain boundary became more severe as the current density and etching time increased. In addition. at higher current densities and longer etching times general corrosion appeared.

• ALGAE
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2008

Many species in Gymnodiniales, which are unarmored dinoflagellates, are responsible for marine algal blooms and some of them have potent toxin in the cell. Their taxonomy has so far been well-defined, and several genera (e.g. Akashiwo, Gymnodinium, Karenia) have recently been re-described. In Korea, few works have been carried out on their taxonomical and molecular studies. This study focused on comparison of both morphological and molecular characteristics of five unarmored dinoflagellates on Korean coastal water: Akashiwo sanguinea, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Gymnodinium catenatum, Gymnodinium impudicum and Karenia aureolum (=K. mikimotoi). Morphological characteristics observed here was in good accordance with the original descriptions of individual species. In addition, none of difference was found in morphological comparisons between the Korean and foreign strains. Furthermore, molecular analysis showed that the SSU rDNA sequences were generally identical according to each species. In some distinct features, A. sanguinea, which has generally the same morphological features, were divided into two groups: one was Korean isolates including European isolates, the other was American isolates. In the two groups, the nucleus was positioned differently: middle of the cells in the Korean isolates (GnSg02, GnSg03), near the epicone in American isolates (CCMP1593, CCMP1837). In addition, this was strongly supported by phylogenetic analysis, inferred from the SSU rDNA sequences. K. aureolum (GrAr01) was corresponded to European G. aureolum (=K. mikimotoi) in shape and position of nucleus, chloroplast, however, which is similar to K. digitata in view of having a finger-like sulcus. This was in good agreement with phylogenetic study of these species. G. catenatum have identical morphology except the ridge location, and their genotype of SSU rDNA was also identical to GenBank data of the same species. From this study, we found that the five Korean unarmored dinoflagellates are identical morphological characteristics and genotype to each species of foreign isolates.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive validity of the five organ pattern identification questionnaire(FOPIQ). Data collection was conducted from 190 people who were randomly selected from the general population living in D city from October 2016 to June 2017, and the collected data were analyzed by SPSS 23.0 Statistics Program. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to know the relation between the expert's score and FOPIQ's one. The cut-off value, sensitivity and specificity were analyzed through ROC-curve. Significant p was <.05. The pearson correlation coefficient was .735, .756, .762, .736, and .513 between individual score of FOPIQ and that of the experts in liver, heart, spleen, lung, and kidney, respectively. The cut-off value of the FOPIQ was 46.209, 47.276, 45.336, 48.823, and 42.508 in liver, heart, spleen, lung, and kidney respectively. The AUC derived from the cut-off value of the FOPIQ was .907, .854, .888, .902, and .781 respectively. This study suggests that the FOPIQ could be valid to apply for general population in clinics as well as health checkups.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.444-451
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was carried out to provide safe seafood to the public through simultaneous analysis rapid inspections for residual veterinary drugs in 150 fishery products in 2016. Methods: Quinolones (9), Sulfonamides (14), Penicillins (2), Cephalosporins (3), Tetracyclines (4), Macrolides (4), Lincosamides (2), Pleuromutilin (1), Phenicols (4), benzylpyrimidines (2), Others (1) Malachite green (2), and Melamine (1) were analyzed for 49 species using by HPLC and HPLC-MSMS. Results: There were six unsuitable samples, five among fish and one for crustaceans. Within the standard detection were five fish. The antibiotics found were Quinolones (50%), Tetracyclines (33%) and Penicillins (17%). Conclusions: As a result of the experiment, there were six unsuitable samples, five for fish and one for crustaceans. The most prevalent antibiotics were Quinolones. The quinolone antibiotics are highly persistent in fish tissues, so they require more time than the withdrawal period for other common veterinary drugs. Careful attention is required when they are used in fish farms.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2012

This study was carried out to identify Korean ginseng cultivars using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) microarray. Sixty-seven probes were designed based on nucleotide variation to distinguish Korean ginseng cultivars of Panax ginseng. Among those PNA probes, three (PGB74, PGB110 and PGB130) have been developed to distinguish five Korean ginseng cultivars. Five Korean ginseng cultivars were denoted as barcode numbers depending on their fluorescent signal patterns of each cultivar using three probe sets in the PNA microarray. Five Korean ginseng cultivars, Chunpoong, Yunpoong, Gopoong, Gumpoong and Sunpoong, were simply denoted as '111', '222', '211', '221' and '122', respectively. This is the first report of PNA microarray which provided an objective and reliable method for the authentication of Korean ginseng cultivars. Also, the PNA microarray will be useful for management system and pure guarantee in ginseng seed.

• 복식
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• 제59권10호
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• pp.68-84
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• 2009

A state wedding ceremony of kings and crown princes in the Chosun Dynasty was systemically formalized in a book Five National Ceremonies (1474) as one of the five major formal events of the royal auspicious ceremonies(Ga-rae). For a state wedding, Ga-rae Protocol was made by a devision for Ga-rae temporarily established for the occasion. A total number of auspicious ceremony protocols of kings and crown princes amounts to 20 in the span of 279 years. Among the proposals, the wedding of Soon-jong in the Imo Year of 1882 is described most thoroughly. Nap-bin-ui(reception of bride) comprises six rituals which are nap-chae, nap-jing, go-gyi, chaek-bin, chin-young, and dong-ryae. A grand formal costume of the crown prince is granted based on the 'Seven Parts Formal Costume' of the first year of the king Moon-jong in 1450 together with an official costume for crown prince(Gon-myeon-chil-jang) arranged in the third year of the king Young-rak. In the royal palace of the Chosun Dynasty, the granted formal costume of the crown prince is officially recorded as a code and presented in a Gwon-ji-il section of the Formalities of the Five National Ceremonies. The formal costume and its accessory set for the crown prince recorded as a code are described in Sangbang Jeong-ryae as the formal costume of the crown prince section published by the king's request at the high senate commission in the 28th year of the king Young-jo in 1752. The aim of the study is to investigate the formal costume of the crown prince as an auspicious ceremonial costume worn at the wedding in the year of Imo.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.201-214
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• 2010

Y$\grave{u}$zh$\grave{e}$ng(鬱證) comes from obstruction of qi by stress. The patient has depressed mood, irritable sign, chest discomfort, costal pain, angry state or some strange feeling on the throat. Oh-Ji-Sang-Seung(五志相勝) therapy is base on the theory of interrelation in five elements in oriental medicine. The contents of Oh-Ji-Sang-Seung(五志相勝) therapy include five subjugations of five emotions. Anxiety subjugates fear(思勝恐), fear subjugates joy(恐勝喜), joy subjugates pity(喜勝悲), pity subjugates anger(悲勝怒), and anger subjugates anxiety(怒勝思). Forgiveness program is a kind of psychological therapies to decrease the degree of anger and it is included in Oh-Ji-Sang-Seung(五志相勝) therapy. In this case, a female patient, 50 years old, who suffered from Y$\grave{u}$zh$\grave{e}$ng(鬱證) with chest discomfort, irritable sign, easily angry state, depressed mood, hot flush, insomnia. We used Oh-Ji-Sang-Seung(五志相勝) therapy besides herbal medication, acupuncture to her condition got improved. Therefore we reported it for the treatment.