• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.221-237
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• 2005

For developing the site-specific fertilizer management strategies of crop, it is essential to know the spatial variability of soil factors and to assess their influence on the variability of crop growth and yield. In 2002 and 2003 cropping seasons within-field spatial variability of rice growth and yield was examined in relation to spatial variation of soil properties in the· two paddy fields having each area of ca. $6,600m^2$ in Suwon, Korea. The fields were managed without fertilizer or with uniform application of N, P, and K fertilizer under direct-seeded and transplanted rice. Stable soil properties such as content of clay (Clay), total nitrogen (TN), organic mater (OM), silica (Si), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and rice growth and yield were measured in each grid of $10\times10m$. The two fields showed quite similar spatial variation in soil properties, showing the smallest coefficient of variation (CV) in Clay $(7.6\%)$ and the largest in Si $(21.4\%)$. The CV of plant growth parameters measured at panicle initiation (PIS) and heading stage (HD) ranged from 6 to $38\%$, and that of rice yield ranged from 11 to $21\%$. CEC, OM, TN, and available Si showed significant correlations with rice growth and yield. Multiple linear regression model with stepwise procedure selected independent variables of N fertilizer level, climate condition and soil properties, explaining as much as $76\%$ of yield variability, of which $21.6\%$ is ascribed to soil properties. Among the soil properties, the most important soil factors causing yield spatial variability was OM, followed by Si, TN, and CEC. Boundary line response of rice yield to soil properties was represented well by Mitcherich equation (negative exponential equation) that was used to quantify the influence of soil properties on rice yield, and then the Law of the Minimum was used to identify the soil limiting factor for each grid. This boundary line approach using five stable soil properties as limiting factor explained an average of about $50\%$ of the spatial yield variability. Although the determination coefficient was not very high, an advantage of the method was that it identified clearly which soil parameter was yield limiting factor and where it was distributed in the field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.27-39
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to prove the factors affecting the fluctuation of daily visitors in five mountainous national park(Kayasan, kyeryongsan, Naejangsan, Soraksan, Songnisan), and to analyze the relationship between these factors and daily visitors in Korea. "Three Factors and Nine Categories"(Aoki, K. & Aoki, Y. : 1974, 1979) has been applied to this study, and statistical analysis method was carried out by computer program SAS and SPSS. The number of daily visitors is calculated based on the data of "Daily entrance ticket sale report" by administration office in each national park. The scope of time period is during the last 5years(1982∼1986: 1825days) and the results were as follows: 1) There were significant differences in the number of daily visitors of each national park among months, days of a week and weather-the same as the previous study of urban park case. But it wold be better for their category classification to be adjusted according to the fluctuation pattern of each national park. 2) The peak of monthly visitors comes in May(Kayasan, Soraksan, Songnisan) or October(Kyeryongsan, Naejangsan). These months are specified as group tour season. On the basis of monthly fluctuation pattern, Each national park were classified into seasonal type, that is, kayasan, Soraksan were proved to be three-season type(Spring, Summer, Autumn), Songnisan to be two-season type(Spring, Autumn), and Naejangsan to be one-season type(Autumn). 3) The weekly pattern differs from three category (weekday, weekend, holiday: Eom, Choi 1986) in the case of urban park study. And there is no significant difference in daily fluctuation pattern by weather (fine, cloudy and rainy day), but significant difference between snowy and the others. This result is due to the characteristics of visitors, which is, the major visits of national park are planned in a advance of the tour, therefore it is difficult to change the plan by the weather. 4) the result of correlation analysis showed that the most influential factor on national park use in Kayasan, Naejangsan, Soraksan and Songnisan is ′Monthly characters (M)′, on the contrary ′Day of week(D)′ in Kyeryongsan only. From the result, The more parks are resource-based, the more ′Monthly characters′-factor is supposed to affect the number of daily visitors rather than ′Day of the week′-factor. This means that kayasan, naejangsan, Sorakson and Songnisan are classified into resource-based type, but on the other hand Kyeryongsan should be classified into intermediate type.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.533-542
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• 2017

This study aimed to develop a measure of professional identity for Korean dental hygienists and to analyze the factors and characteristics of professional identity of these dental hygienists. In this study, 890 dental hygienists completed a self-administered survey. The final analysis was conducted with a total of 880 responses, excluding 10 questionnaires with unreliable responses and partial responses. A systematic literature review was conducted to establish the definition of professional identity, while content validity, exploratory factor, confirmatory factor, and reliability analysis were conducted to establish the constructive factors. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to identify the level of each factor. Authors conceptualized the professional identity for Korean dental hygienists and item generation, item reduction, and questionnaire formatting. The developed measure of professional identity for dental hygienists consisted of five factors, with 15 items. "Sense of calling," "need for academic capacity building," "performance of delegated authority," "compliance of code of ethics," and "usage of professional organizations" were the constituent factors. Based on these factors, the level of professional identity was the highest in the "performance of delegated authority" and lowest in the "usage of professional organizations." These finding indicated that dental hygienists with higher education levels have higher professional identity levels. The dental hygienists working at the general/university hospital had the highest level of professional identity. Thus, further research is needed to establish a model that consists of factors affecting and influencing the professional identity of dental hygienists.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.5
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• pp.650-662
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• 2001

The growth and yield models for five different kinds of natural forest types were systemically developed in the natural Broadleaved-Korean pine Forests in Northeast China. The data were collected from 359 temporary plots and 58 permanent plots with area ranged from 0.06 ha to 1.0 ha, ranging in stand age from 43 to 364 years. The Site Class Index (SCI) was introduced to evaluate site quality and the Crown Competition Factor (CCF) was selected as a measure of stand density for the mixed natural forest. The Chapman-Richards function was adopted to develop SCI equation and height-diameter curve. The Schumacher growth function was selected as base model to develop the DBH, basal area, and stand volume growth models by using re-parameterized method. In modeling mean DBH and basal area growth, it was found that the asymptotic parameter A of Schumacher function was exponentially related to site quality (SCI) and stand density (CCF). The rate parameter k was related to stand density and it was independent of SCI. Several validation measures for predicted stand variables were evaluated in the growth and yield models using independent data sets. The results indicated that relative mean errors (RME) in predicted stand attributes were less than ${\pm}5%$ and the estimated precision values of the stand variables were all greater than 95%.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2019

In order to expand the qualitative aspects of public facility, this study used SNS data to derive user-oriented preference factors for public facilities and then were quantified in terms of supply side and demand side. To derive preference factor, LDA, one of topic modeling, was used and attraction index was calculated for each facility. In addition we analyzed spatial accessibility to measure the degree of service experience of users by using 2SFCA model. The study area covered public libraries of Seoul, Korea. As a result of study, five topics were extracted as preference factors for the public library: Circumstance, Scale of facility, Cultural program, Parenting, Books and materials. In particular topic of circumstance and parenting were newly derived preference factors unknown in previous studies. As a result of calculating attraction index for each library, the index of Songpa Library, Jungdok Library, and Namsan Library was high. Songpa library has received good evaluation in parenting factor, and Jungdok & Namsan library in circumstance factor. The accessibility of each region seems to better in center of Seoul where public libraries are crowded, but shrinking toward the outskirts. We expect that the proposed method will contribute to user-oriented public facility evaluation and policy decision making.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2009

Background: The pathophysiologic mechanisms of early acute lung injury (ALI) differ according to the type of primary insult. It is important to differentiate between direct and indirect pathophysiologic pathways, and this may influence the approach to treatment strategies. NF-$\kappa$B decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is a useful tool for the blockade of the expression of NF-$\kappa$B-dependent proinflammatory mediators and has been reported to be effective in indirect ALI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced direct ALI model. Methods: Five-week-old specific pathogen-free male BALB/c mice were used for the experiment. In the preliminary studies, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$, interleukine (IL)-6 and NF-$\kappa$B activity peaked at 6 hours after LPS administration. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and ALI score were highest at 36 and 48 hours, respectively. Therefore, it was decided to measure each parameter at the time of its highest level. The study mice were randomly divided into three experimental groups: (1) control group which was administered 50 ${\mu}L$ of saline and treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ) vector (n=24); (2) LPS group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing only HVJ vector (n=24); (3) LPS+ODN group in which LPS-induced ALI mice were treated with intratracheal administration of 200 ${\mu}L$ DW containing 160 ${\mu}g$ of NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN and HVJ vector (n=24). Each group was subdivided into four experimental subgroups: (1) tissue subgroup for histopathological examination for ALI at 48 hours (n=6); (2) 6-hour bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) subgroup for measurement of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-6 in BAL fluid (BALF) (n=6); (3) 36-hour BAL subgroup for MPO activity assays in BALF (n=6); and (4) tissue homogenate subgroup for measurement of NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissue homogenates at 6 hours (n=6). Results: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN treatment significantly decreased NF-$\kappa$B activity in lung tissues. However, it failed to improve the parameters of LPS-induced direct ALI, including the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ and interleukin-6 in BALF, myeloperoxidase activity in BALF and histopathologic changes measured by the ALI score. Conclusion: NF-$\kappa$B decoy ODN, which has been proven to be effective in indirect models, had no effect in the direct ALI model.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.99-105
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• 2005

A model for evaluating radioactive contamination in the urban environment, named METRO-K, was developed as a basic step for accident consequence analysis in case of an accidental release. The three kind of radionuclides $(^{137}Cs,\;^{106}Ru,\;^{131}I)$ and the different chemical forms of iodine (particulate, organic and elemental forms) are considered in the model. The radioactive concentrations are evaluated for the five types of surface (roof, paved road, wall, lawn/soil, tree) as a function of time. Using the model, the contaminative impacts of the surfaces were intensively investigated with respect to with and without precipitation during the measurement periods of radionuclides in air. In addition, a practical application study was conducted using $^{137}Cs$ concentration in air and precipitation measured in an European country at the Chernobyl accident. As a result precipitation was an influential factor in surface contamination. The degree of contamination was strongly dependent on the types of radionuclide and surface. Precipitation was more influential in contamination of $^{137}Cs$ than that of $^{131}I$ (elemental form).

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.121-140
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• 2014

Objectives: Recently, the rate of death by chronic disease, is increasing steadily. To prevent this, the public health center will have taken a leading role in the local community medical business through an establish to the national health promotion act and an amendment to the law of public health center in Korea. Results: Accordingly this research, using the Pender's health promotion model which is related with subject health behavior who government employees serve at the public health center have taken important position in the local community health promotion, have comprehended the actual condition of health behavior. For increasing the health behavior practice of subject to comprehend the factor which have effect on health behavior practice, which can be a correct role model in the local community health promotion. A survey was performed on 406 government employees who serve at five public health centers in Seoul. The period of survey was from 25th October, 2010 to 15th November, 2010. The results of this study were summarized as below. 1. Work-related stress, perceptible beneficial obstacle, and self-efficacy were composed by 5 points measure. The results show those work-related stress were $3.06{\pm}0.469$, 74perceptible beneficial obstacle were $3.74{\pm}0.471$, and self-efficacy were $3.49{\pm}0.469$. 2. As for the health behavior by general characteristic, the results have specific differences on age, education level, state of marriage, rank of the position, field of the occupation and employment forms in statics analysis. 3. As for the past health behavior by health behavior characteristic, work-related stress have specific differences on the past frequency of drinking (p<.05) in statics analysis, perceptible beneficial obstacle have specific differences on the past frequency of having breakfast(p<.05), having snacks(p<.05) and doing exercise(p<.05) in statics analysis. Self-efficacy have specific difference on the past frequency drinking(p<.01) in statics analysis. 4. According to the correlation between the factors related with health behavior and health behavior, the health behavior have specific differences on perceptible health condition(p<.01), the past health behavior and perceptible beneficial obstacle(p<.05). Work-related stress and self-efficacy don't have specific relation in health behavior practice. 5. The factors, which effect on health behavior practice have specific differences on the past health behavior, employment forms and field of the occupations. The ability of explanation occupied 54.8% what explained of the health behavior practice by general characteristic, perceptible health condition, employment forms and perceptible beneficial obstacle. Conclusions: According to the correlation between the factors related with health behavior, the health behavior have specific differences on perceptible health condition(p<.01), the past health behavior and perceptible beneficial obstacle(p<.05). The factors, which effect on health behavior practice have specific differences on the past health behavior, employment forms and field of the occupations.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2022

Recently, various digital technology issues such as e-Navigation, Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship (MASS) and Smart ships have constantly emerged in the maritime industry, based on the fourth industrial revolution. The International Maritime Organization is gradually tightening regulations for marine safety and marine environmental protection, and these strengthened regulations are leading to new maritime industries. Thus, the purpose of this study was to design a suitable model to analyze the industrial competitiveness of domestic autonomous operation technology industry, based on the Porter's diamond model. Based on a total of five evaluation factors and 13 detailed factors, the industrial competitiveness of the domestic autonomous operation technology industry was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. This industry, which is in the early stage of industrial development, was evaluated as 16.9 points relative to indexing industrial competitiveness. Currently, it is characterized by the simultaneous development of related regulations and core technologies, from the establishment of the scope of the industry. The industrial competitiveness evaluation considering these industrial characteristics is expected to serve as the basis for strategic support and new industrial policy, and impact a wide range of related industries such as shipping, logistics, ports, and shipbuilding and equipment industries.

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.43-53
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• 2014

This paper presents a the study on air curtain system of top and bottom bi-directional jet air discharge for blocking the spread of smoke in case of tunnel fire. The five kinds different air curtains of A, B, C, D, and E of models for various performance tested after manufactured. A results of the various performance test obtained the best efficiency from E model air curtain. And optimize the injection angle of the air curtain nozzle through the three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and analyzed the effects of external pressure of tunnel. and also single factor design have been applied. At present, our attention is focused on the velocity distribution(flow width and flow position) of 1.5m on the ground in tunnel. Also, analyzed the influence of draft in the tunnel. Detailed effects of discharge angle of air curtain and velocity at nozzle exit are discussed.