• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-25
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• 1996

The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can not be summarized as a single process. Lipid infiltration hypothesis and endothelial injury hypothesis have been proposed and investigated. Recent developments show that there are many points of potential interactions between them and that they can actually be regarded as two phases of a single, unifying hypothesis. Among the many risk factors of atherosclerosis, plasma homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) draw a considerable interest because they are independent indicators of atherogenicity. Triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (chylomicron and VLDL) are not considered to be atherogenic but they are related to the metabolism of HDL cholesterol and indirectly related to coronary heart disease (CHD). LDL can of itself be atherogenic but the oxidative products of this lipoprotein are more detrimental. HDL cholesterol has been considered to be a favorable cholesterol. The so-called 'causalist view' claims that HDL traps excess cholesterol from cellular membranes and transfers it to TG-rich lipoproteins that are subsequently removed by hepatic receptors. In the so-called 'noncausalist view', HDL does not interfere directly with cholesterol deposition in the arterial wall but instead reflects he metabolism of TG-rich lipoproteins and their conversion to atherogenic remnants. Approximately 70-80% of the human population shows an effective feedback control mechanism in cholesterol homeostasis. Type of dietary fat has a significant effect on the lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. Generally, saturated fatty acids elevate and PUFA lower serum cholesterol, whereas MUFA have no specific effect. EPA and DHA inhibit the synthesis of TG, VLDL and LDL, and may have favourable effects on some of the risk factors. Phospholipids, particularly lecithin, have an antiatherosclerotic effect. Essential phospholipids (EPL) may enhance the formation of polyunsaturated cholesteryl ester (CE) which is less sclerotic and more easily dispersed via enhanced hydrolysis of CE in the arterial wall. Also, neutral fecal steroid elimination may be enhanced and cholesterol absorption reduced following EPL treatment. Antioxidants protect lipoproteins from oxidation, and cells from the injury of toxic, oxidized LDL. The rationale for lowering of serum cholesterol is the strong association between elevation of plasma or serum cholesterol and CHD. Cholesterol-lowing, especially LDL cholesterol, to the target level could be achieved using diet and combination of drug therapy. Information on the link between cholesterol and CHD has decreased egg consumption by 16-25%. Some clinical studies have indicated that dietary cholesterol and egg have a significant hypercholesterolemic effect, while others have indicated no effect. These studies differed in the use of purified cholesterol or cholesterol in eggs, in the range of baseline and challenge cholesterol levels, in the quality and quantity of concomitant dietary fat, in the study population demographics and initial serum cholesterol levels, and clinical settings. Cholesterol content of eggs varies to a certain extent depending on the age, breed and diet of hens. However, egg yolk cholesterol level is very resistant to change because of the particular mechanism involved in yolk formation. Egg yolk contains a factor of factors responsible for accelerated cholesterol metabolism and excretion compared with crystalline cholesterol. One of these factors could be egg lecithin. Egg lecithin may not be as effective as soybean lecithin in lowering serum cholesterol level due probably to the differences of fatty acid composition. However, egg lecithin may have positive effects in hypercholesterolemia by increasing serum HDL level and excretion of fecal cholesterol. The association of serum cholesterol with egg consumption has been widely studied. When the basal or control diet contained little or no cholesterol, consumption of 1 or 2 eggs daily increased the concentration of plasma cholesterol, whereas that of the normolipemic persons on a normal diet was not significantly influenced by consuming 2 to 3 eggs daily. At higher levels of egg consumption, the concentration of HDL tends to increase as well as LDL. There exist hyper-and hypo-responders to dietary (egg) cholesterol. Identifying individuals in both categories would be useful from the point of view of nutrition guidelines. Dietary modification of fatty acid composition has been pursued as a viable method of modifying fat composition of eggs and adding value to eggs. In many cases beneficial effects of PUFA enriched eggs have been demonstrated. Generally, consumption of n-3 fatty acids enriched eggs lowered the concentration of plasma TG and total cholesterol compared to the consumption of regular eggs. Due to the highly oxidative nature of PUFA, stability of this fat is essential. The implication of hepatic lipid accumulation which was observed in hens fed on fish oils should be explored. Nutritional manipulations, such as supplementation with iodine, inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, garlic products, amino acids and high fibre ingredients, have met a limited success in lowering egg cholesterol.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.340-360
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• 1982

Because of the continuing rapid increase in pesticide usage in Taiwan, much attention has been focus on pesticide contamination of food and effect of pesticides on human and environmental health. The Plant Protection Center (PPC) conducts safety evaluation of pesticides usee! in Taiwan. The pesticides are classified into different groups based on their acute toxicities. Pesticides which are classified into extremely toxic group are not allow to used on short term crops or the continuously harvest crops. The acute toxicity of pesticides to the beneficial insects are also studied, special attention has been paid to the two predators of rice brown planthopper. 60% of cultivated land in Taiwan are paddy field; therefore, acute fish toxicity was taken into consideration when a pesticide was applied for registration to be used in the paddy. Fish toxicities were evaluated by the dangerous rating value which is the amount of pesticide residue in the field water over the TLM value. Mutagenicity of pesticides was continuously evaluated by using Arne's microbial testing method. Island wide survey of residual levels of pesticides of known pollutants such as chlorinated hydrocarbon . insecticides, mercurial compounds in soil, water and biological samples were carried out constantly. The potential of a new1y Imported esticides to pollute the environment were studied by using model ecosystem. Ecological magnification (EM) of a chemical was calculated from model ecosystem. A chemical was considered as a pollutant when its EM value over 5000. In order to ensure the levels of pesticides residue of the crop within the safety limit. The 'tolerance' of pesticides on different crop groupings were established base on 1) acceptable daily intake value of individual pesticides, 2) average daily consumption of each crop groupings by Chinese person, 3) Actual residues of pesticides. on different crops obtained from supervised trials. Total about 79 pesticides for which the tolerances have been established on different crop groupings. Because the intensive agricultural system was adopted in Taiwan. The phytotoxicity of pesticides to the non-target crops was therefore become one of the important factor in the safety evaluation of pesticide usage. These will include 1) direct injury, 2) injury caused by pesticide polluted irrigation water, 3) injury caused by the pesticide polluted soil, 4) reduction of growth caused by the effect of pesticide on the soil microorganisms. This paper will reviewed all the aspects mentioned in the previous .paragraphs. Most the works have done in Taiwan by the PPC.y the PPC.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.309-317
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• 1988

김치발효 중 일어나는 조직감의 변화에 영향을 미치는 요소들을 규명하기 위하여 조직경화제로서 $CaCl_2$, 숙성지연제로서 K-sorbate, 숙성촉진제로서 새우젓 및 멸치젓의 첨가효과와 이들 시료의 데침효과를 조사하였다. pH와 산도 및 환원당의 변화양상을 보면 새우젓 및 멸치젓 첨가구가 숙성촉진 효과를, K-sorbate, $CaCl_2$, 데침처리 등이 숙성지연효과를 뚜렷이 나타내었다. K-sorbate, $CaCl_2$ 및 데침처리에 의하여 발효중 김치배추의 절단강도 감소속도가 지연되었으며 압착력, 회복높이, work ratio의 감소속도도 지연되었으나 젓갈첨가는 이를 촉진시켰다. 이러한 결과는 관능검사에서 젓갈첨가구가 굳은 정도, 아삭아삭한 정도, 질긴 정도, 뻣뻣한 정도가 크게 낮아지는 반면, 보존료 첨가나 데침으로 이들 값이 증가하는 것과 일치하였다. pH, 산도, 배추잎의 절단두께, 절단력, 압착력, 회복높이, work ratio 등 기계적 측정치들은 신맛, 조직감, 외관의 기호도와 굳은 정도, 아삭한 정도, 질긴 정도, 뻣뻣한 정도 등의 조직감 특성과 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 특히, 김치의 pH는 김치의 신맛, 외관, 질긴 정도, 굳은 정도, 뻣뻣한 정도, 아삭아삭한 정도와 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.271-276
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• 1997

어획한 명태를 선상에서 가공할 때 부산물로 생산되는 선상창란을 대상으로 선도에 따른 제품의 관능검사와 제조과정 중의 수율을 조사함으로서 산업적으로 활용할 수 있는 원료창란의 VBN판정기준을 설정하고 아울러 초기 VBN 값이 각기 다른 원료창란으로부터 젓갈숙성중의 VBN, pH, 그리고 생균수 변화를 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 선상에서 처리한 원료창란은 창란젓갈 원료가 되는 위와 창자의 비율이 $72\%$로서 시료명태 내장중 위와 창자의 비율인 $18.5\%$보다 약 4배정도 높았다. 2. 동일한 시료명태에서 백색육과 내장의 VBN을 조사한 결과, 내장의 VBN이 백색육보다 최소 2배에서 최대 14.2배였고, 명태육과 내장의 선도 사이에는 일정한 상관 관계가 없었다. 3. 원료창란의 VBN이 $70{\pm}2mg\%$ 이하인 경우 위와 창자만을 정선한 수율은 $52\%$ 이상이었고, 제품의 관능 검사 결과도 양호하였다. 그러나$ VBN\;80{\pm}2mg\%$ 이상인 경우 정선창란의 수율은 $43\%$ 이하였으며 제품의 관능검사 결과도 불량하여 유통상품으로서 가치가 적었다. 4. 원료창란의 $VNB\;35{\pm}2mg\%$와 $70{\pm}2mg\%$인 시료를 60일 동안 숙성시키면서 VBN, pH 및 생균수 변화를 조사한 결과, VBN은 $50.06{\pm}2mg\%,\;87.71{\pm}2mg\%로서 두시료 모두 숙성초기보다 각각 $15.06mg{\%},\;17.51mg{\%}$ 증가하였으며, pH는 숙성초기에 7.12와 7.44이던 것이 각각 6.22, 6.15로 감소하였고, 생균수는 초기균수 $3.4{\times}10^3\;CFU/g$ 및 $3.4{\times}10^4\;CFU/g$에서 각각 $2.8{\times}10^4\;CFU/g$와$9.8{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$로 $1\~1.5-log-unit$가 증가하였다.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2018

겨울철 수온의 변동으로 우리나라 남해안 연안에 위치하고 있는 어류가두리 양식장에서 관리하고 있는 어류의 폐사가 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 본 연구는 온대성 어류인 참돔을 대상으로 저수온 하한내성 범위 및 수온 하강에 따른 호흡률, 암모니아질소 배설률과 혈액내 산화스트레스 반응을 조사하였다. 참돔의 하한내성수온은 $6.54^{\circ}C$(95% 신뢰한계: $6.31{\sim}6.76^{\circ}C$)였다. 산소소비율은 수온 하강에 따라 감소하였으며, 하한수온에서 최저치를 나타내었다. 혈액 내 삼투질농도는 수온 $5^{\circ}C$와 $6^{\circ}C$에서 대조구에 비해 유의한 증가를 나타내었다. 혈액 내 SOD는 모든 실험구 가운데 수온 $5^{\circ}C$에서 유의하게 활성 증가가 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 참돔을 양식할 수 있는 지역선정 및 겨울철 발생하는 동계 폐사원인 규명을 위한 자료로도 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.466-472
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• 2011

Hazardous chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals, are known as being harmful to human health were included in oils released by the Herbei Spirit Oil Spill accident in December 2007. To investigate changes of eating habits by the exposure to harmful substances, we conducted 5 focus group interviews for residents at Taean coast areas, who had experienced the oil spill accident. Participants included 46 women (mean age: $57.2{\pm}10.9$) who were mainly responsible for preparing family meals. Focus group discussions were audio-taped, transcribed and categorized by themes. Participants expressed more frequent illness symptoms such as dizziness, vomiting, visual loss, and skin diseases after the accident. They mentioned that their worries about economic hardship and worsened health status since the accident induced mental problems, such as depression about their children. Regarding eating habits, participants reported less intakes of fishes and meats and relatively more intakes of vegetables and kimchi due to the lack of household incomes after the accident. Although the participants had been used to collecting or catching fish or shellfish for their consumption previously, they mainly purchased these foods from local markets after the accident. Changes of eating habits induced by the accident included drinking boiled water and having steamed or fried seafood rather than raw seafood. Changes of food intakes occurred less frequently in older adults due to their longterm fixed eating habits, although they felt uncomfortable for having raw fish. The findings of this study clearly present that the exposure of hazardous substances by the oil spill accident had a significant impact on changes in eating habits besides economic, physical, and mental problems among the residents in Taean. Continuous health and nutrition monitoring and support are needed.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.541-548
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• 2010

GC/PCI-MS/MS를 이용하여 식육가공품 등 총 154건을 대상으로 니트로사민의 함량을 조사하여 노출량을 평가하였다. 니트로사민의 회수율은 84-112%였고, 검출한계는 0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg 이하, 정량 한계는 1.5 ${\mu}g$/kg 이하의 수준이었다. 니트로사민은 전체 시료 154 건 중 89건이 검출되어 검출율이 58%를 보였으며 이중 전체식품 대비 식육가공품이 27%, 어육가공품이 19%, 젓갈 7%, 주류 및 음료 5%의 검출율을 보였다. 1일 평균 섭취량과 체중을 근거로 전체 인구집단의 니트로사민 인체노출량을 산출한 결과, 평균노출에서 $4.92{\times}10^{-7}$mg/kg b.w./day으로 나타났으며, 노출안전역 (MOE)은 208,939로 위해영향이 거의 없는 수준으로 나타났다.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.699-728
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• 2005

본 논문은 최근 연구된 Barten(1993), Brown et al.(1995), Holt and Bishop (2002)의 가격형성체계(price formation system)를 확장 발전시키고 있다. 특히 기존 연구들과 달리 소비행위측면에서 완전합리성을 고려하여 가격이 형성될 수 있는 동태적 모형을 설정하고 있다. 본 연구의 동태적 모형의 기본 아이디어는 소비자가 완전히 합리적이어서 미래를 예측한다고 가정한다. 따라서 어떤 시장에서 중개상이 부르는 가격을 소비자가 수용할 것인지의 여부를 결정할 때 과거와 미래소비가 현재소비에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것이다. 본 연구의 실증분석에서는 이러한 모형을 미국 어류남획으로 고갈되어가고 있는 grouper-snapper complex에 적용하고 있다. 자원관리정책측면에서 볼 때 쿼터제를 실시할 경우 소비자의 한계가치가 어떻게 변하는지 살펴보는 것은 후생판단의 수단으로서 정책분석의 핵심이 될 것이다. 실증분석 결과는 본 연구가 제시하고 있는 동태적 가격형성체계(dynamic price formation system)가 통계적으로 적합함을 잘 보여준다. 특히 그 체계 내에서 추정된 가격의 유동성이 적절한 부호와 범위를 보여주어서 만족할 만한 결과를 나타내고 있다. 미래에는 토지나 공공재, 환경재의 가격형성모형의 연구에도 응용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.397-410
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• 2018

Objectives: An association between dietary patterns and mental health in children has been suggested in a series of studies, yet detailed analyses of dietary patterns and their effects on ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) are limited. Methods: We included 4569 children who had dietary intake data as part of the CHEER (Children's Health and Environmental Research) study conducted nationwide from 2005 to 2010. We assessed ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) by the DuPaul's ADHD Rating Scales and dietary intake by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Using intake data, we constructed five dietary patterns: "Plant foods & fish," "Sweets," "Meat & fish," "Fruits & dairy products," and "Wheat based." Results: The overall proportion of ADHD was 12.3%. Boys (17.8%) showed a higher rate of ADHD than girls (6.5%). The total intake of calories (85 kcal) and plant fat (2g) in the ADHD group was significantly higher than that of the normal group. ADHD was significantly negatively associated with dietary habits such as having breakfast and meal frequency, and positively associated with eating speed, unbalanced diet, overeating, and rice consumption. Regarding dietary patterns, the "Sweets" category was relevant to high ADHD risk (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.15 for Q5 vs. Q1) in a linear relationship. An inverse, non-linear association was found between "Fruits & dairy products" and ADHD (OR 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.76 for Q4 vs. Q1). Conclusions: Our study confirms both positive and negative associations between diet and ADHD in elementary school age children. Moreover, linear or nonlinear associations between diet and ADHD draw attention to the possible threshold role of nutrients. Further studies may consider characteristics of diet in more detail to develop better intervention or management in terms of diet and health.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-34
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• 1979

Our nation is confronted with the situation that the rice, a principal food, short of some essential amino acids, leads to imbalanced meals insufficient in the nutrient of Protein, to bring many difficulties in the elevation of nutritional state in our nation. While. our country has been produced much amounts of Panax Ginseng roots which has a stimulating effects on the metabolism of protein, lipid and nucleic acids in the body. And the leaf and trunk of Panax Ginseng were also produced a considerable amounts as the by-products. Author believe that these by-products (leaf and trunk) of Panax Ginseng might have some components possessing simillar activity with Panax Ginseng root although the quantity and qualify of the functional components may more or less be different. Therefore, this study was demised to observe the supplemental effect of the Panax Ginseng-by-Products on the dietary protein efficiency and nutritional state of rats. The feeds used for this experiment were rice containing 30% barely, fish four, and the leaf, trunk and small root of the Panax Ginseng, and the contents of the general nutrients including protein, lipid and carbohydrate etc. in each feed were analyzed for the combination of each feed. And, being based on analytical values of Protein in food. fish Pour as Protein source was added were rice containing 30% barely to be include 8.6 to 8.7%, 12%, 15% and 18% of protein. Then 2% of the leaf, trunk or small reef of Panax Ginseng was supplemented into each of above protein diet group, ton 16 kinds of diets were Prepared. The male albino rats from a Pure strain, weighing 70g to 80g. were used for experimental animals. They were maintained with coresponding fist for f and 8 weeks, and the growth rate, consumption of diets and protein, efficiency of feed and Protein in animals were determined. The lipids, proteins and cholesterols in serum and liver were also determined quantitatively after they were sacrificed in coresponding term. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Body weigh of diet group containing 8.6 to 8.7%,12%, and 15% of protein are increased remarkably by supplement of 2% of the leaf or small root of Panax Ginseng in comparison with each of controls. But this tendency could not observed in diet group containing 18eA Proteins. 2. Feed efficiency showed same tendency in comparison with changes of gained body weight. Specially, in each of diets containing 8.7%, 12%, 15% and 18% of Proteins, supplement of the leaf of Panax Ginseng showed the better feed efficiency than supplement of the trunk or small root. 3. In feeding group for 8 weeks, protein efficiency showed worst efficiency in diet containing 18% proteins and showed the best efficiency was the diet group containing 12% Proteins. And the efficiency was improved according to supplement of the leaf of Panax Ginseng. 4. Nitrogen contents in serum and liver did not show large differences each other in all diet groups. But contexts of total cholesterol and 1ipid were decreased markedly in diet groups containing 12%, 15% and 18% of proteins in comparison with diet group containing 8.6% to 8.8% of proteins.