• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2024

Today, most architectural and engineering historians no longer consider the Home Insurance Building to be the first skyscraper. Despite this, the popular belief remains that William Le Baron Jenny invented the first skyscraper when he designed the Home Insurance Building in 1884. This paper recounts the history of how Jenney won the public debate starting in 1896, despite his building being only a small evolutionary step forward. In that year, a series of letters in The Engineering Record allowed Jenney and his colleagues to engage in a public relations campaign to recast the debate about the first skyscraper to place the Home Insurance Building as the pivotal structure in skyscraper history.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2022

Debates on what is the first skyscraper have been ongoing from time to time since the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in 1885, which is generally recognized as the first built skyscraper. This paper attempts to verify this assertion through a detailed investigation after identifying the criteria that characterize a skyscraper. By considering and examining several competing buildings for the title of "first skyscraper" in terms of their levels of satisfying these criteria, the paper reconfirms that the Home Insurance Building in Chicago indeed qualifies as the first skyscraper and is the harbinger of future skyscrapers. By introducing technological and associated architectural innovations in this pioneering building, its designer William Le Baron Jenney paved the way for the construction of future skyscrapers. In traditional construction, heavy masonry walls especially at lower levels did not allow large window openings in exterior walls that would permit ample daylight. For the Home Insurance Building, originally built with 10 stories, Jenney created a metal-framed skeletal structure that carried the building's loads, making the building lighter and allowed for large windows permitting ample natural light to the building's interior. The exterior iron columns were encased in relatively small masonry piers mainly for fireproofing, weather-protection and façade aesthetics. Relying on the structural framing on the building's perimeter, the exterior masonry thus turned into a rudimentary "curtain wall" system, heralding the use of curtain wall construction in future skyscrapers. This building's innovative structural system led to what is known as the "Chicago Skeleton," and eventually produced remarkable skyscrapers all over the world.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

This paper discusses the economics of skyscraper construction in Manhattan since 1990. First the paper reviews the economic theory of skyscraper height. Next it documents the frequency and heights of skyscraper construction in the last 25 years. Then the paper reviews the relative movements of office rents, condominium prices, and construction costs. Statistical results suggest that the resurgence of Manhattan's skyscraper construction is being driving by the rise in the average price of apartments, and is not being driven by rising office rents or falling construction costs. Statistical evidence shows that the height premium has not been rising over the last decade. Developers have been purchasing air rights (and bidding up the prices) in order to satisfy the demand for supertall buildings. In the next five to ten years, Manhattan is likely to see over thirty 200-meter or taller buildings, as compared to only four since 2010.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.103-107
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• 2024

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.691-703
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• 2015

이 논문에서는 마천루의 개념과 역사를 살펴보고, 우리 시대의 마천루가 가지는 상징성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 첫째, 마천루의 개념은 시간과 장소에 따라 달라지는 상대적인 개념이다. 목적에 따라 마천루의 기준을 조작적으로 정의할 수는 있겠으나, 마천루를 지칭하는 용어들의 실용적인 의미는 시간과 장소에 따라 다르게 적용될 수밖에 없다. 둘째, 세계 최초의 마천루가 어느 건물인가에 대해서는 학자에 따라 이견이 있지만, 여하튼 근대적 마천루의 역사는 1800년대 후반 미국에서 시작되었다. 세계 최고층 건물들은 주로 미국의 도시들(특히 뉴욕과 시카고)에 집중되어 있었다. 그러나 1990년대 말 이후로는 아시아에 위치한 마천루들이 세계 최고층 건물이 되었다. 셋째, 마천루는 그저 높은 건물이 아니라 상징적 이미지이다. 마천루는 자본주의의 상징이며, 금융의 상징이며, 야망의 상징이다. 마천루의 상징성은 세 차원으로 구분될 수 있다. 높이(규모)의 상징성, 자본(경제)의 상징성, 경관(문화)의 상징성이 그것이다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제87권5호
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• pp.451-460
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• 2023

Recently, the use of smartphones for structural health monitoring in civil engineering has drawn increasing attention due to their rapid development and popularization. In this study, the structural responses and dynamic characteristics of a 421-m-tall skyscraper during the landfall of Typhoon Muifa are monitored using an iPhone 13. The measured building acceleration responses are first corrected by the resampling technique since the sampling rate of smartphone-based measurement is unstable. Then, based on the corrected building acceleration, the wind-induced responses (i.e., along-wind and across-wind responses) are investigated and the serviceability performance of the skyscraper is assessed. Next, the amplitude-dependency and time-varying structural dynamic characteristics of the monitored supertall building during Typhoon Muifa are investigated by employing the random decrement technique and Bayesian spectral density approach. Moreover, the estimated results during Muifa are further compared with those of previous studies on the monitored building to discuss its long-term time-varying structural dynamic characteristics. The paper aims to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of smartphones for structural health monitoring of high-rise buildings.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2020

"A practical architect might not unnaturally conceive the idea of erecting a vast edifice whose frame should be entirely of iron, and clothing the frame--preserving it--by means of a casing of stone…that shell must be regarded only as an envelope, having no function other than supporting itself..." --Viollet-le-Duc, 1868. Viollet-le-Duc's recipe for an encased iron frame foresaw the separation of structural and enclosing functions into discrete systems. This separation is an essential characteristic of skyscrapers today, but at the time of his writing cast iron's brittle nature meant that iron frames could not, on their own, resist lateral forces in tall structures. Instead, tall buildings had to be braced with masonry shear walls, which often also served as environmental enclosure. The commercial availability of steel after the 1880s allowed for self-braced metal frames while parallel advances in glass and terra cotta allowed exterior walls to achieve vanishingly thin proportions. Two Chicago buildings by D.H. Burnham & Co. were the first to match a frame "entirely of iron" with an "envelope" supporting only itself. The Reliance Building (1895) was the first of these, but the Fisher Building (1896) more fully exploited this new constructive typology, eschewing brick entirely, to become the first "building without walls," a break with millennia of tall construction reliant upon masonry

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

The evolution in the use of the elevator and the iron frame to build ever-taller buildings that would eventually be called "skyscrapers" is still somewhat shrouded in the mist of history. This two-part paper is an attempt to document the significant persons and events in that evolution, showing that these had a greater continuity than that previously recorded. In this first part, I discuss how the exploitation of the elevator in the design of buildings allowed "skyscrapers" to be built taller than the five-six story limit imposed by stairways, so that their owners could include more and more rental square footage needed to offset the increasing cost of Manhattan real estate. The use of iron framing for the interior framing in these taller buildings would reduce the amount of square footage lost to construction, thereby also increasing the rental return from the building. By the start of the Great Depression of the 1870s in 1873, New York architects had erected two ten-storied skyscrapers.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2006

This subject is about the research of Shanghai Art Deco in the aspect of architectural decoration and seek to offers an examination and analysis of the characteristics related to the Art Deco design, which appeared and dominated the field of design from 1910s to 1904s in Shanghai. Study method is a theoretical consideration of reference and gathering data through field trip. In order to carry out this subject, this study will research following factors. First, factors related to Art Deco such as the period of origin, background, spirit, aesthetics, design characteristics. This is followed by the influence of Art Deco movement begun in 1925. Second, the background of Shanghai Art Deco architecture style was studied. Third, the case studies of Shanghai Art Deco Architecture and interior decoration were researched by the expressive factors which were divided by style, form, material and color. As a result early style had compradore style about 1900, later reactionism prevailed of 1920 affected by European Art Deco. Skyscraper style was built and architecture developed with racial characteristics. It has vertical and streamline form of typical Art Deco and strengthen geometrical motive in architectural expression. It appeared naturally and has the contrast of different material in material expression. It has effect on strong color as using highborn and brilliant color in color expression. They appeared chinese national spirit by using 'ot painting' in western oriented furniture. The purpose of such an examination is to classify, understand and validate Shanghai artistic and socio-cultural heritage in order to better appreciate the life philosophy of Shanghai and re-discover their basic roots. Though it began as a Western cultural movement, it is the purpose of this study to discover the inherent orientalism in its basic formative spirit.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2018

초고층건축물에서 재난 및 화재발생 시 가장 절실히 요구되는 것은 재실자가 안전하게 피난할 수 있는 체계를 구축하는 것이라 하겠다. 이는 물리적으로 피난 동선이 길어졌고, 동시에 상대적으로 많아진 재실자로 인해 피난자들이 느끼는 심리적 불안감을 해소시켜 피난에 대한 자신감을 심어줄 수 있는 구체적 방안이 필요하기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 과제를 해결하기 위해서 3회에 걸쳐 대규모 인원이 참여한 피난실험을 하였으며, 실험 중 나타난 현상과 문제점을 파악하고, 피난시간에 지연을 초래할 수 있는 요인을 발굴하고 이의 개선 방안을 제안하였다. 이 논문의 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 최근 발생한 초고층주상복합건축물 화재에서 방재시스템 운영미숙으로 많은 인명피해가 발생하였다. 이와 같은 사태를 사전에 예방하기 위하여 피난실험을 실시하여 적응력을 확보하였다. 둘째, 피난시뮬레이션 통계와 피난실험에서 수집된 Data 수치를 비교 분석 검증하였다. 셋째, 피난실험 과정에서 실험에 참여가 불가한 다수의 인원들이 있었으며, 이러한 참여 불가사유를 분석하고, 그 내용이 실제 피난시간에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 검증하였다. 넷째, 피난시간 지연 초래 요인에 대한 최적의 대응 방안을 수립하기 위하여 피난장비를 구입하고, 실험 전후 비교분석을 통하여 피난시간 지연을 최소화하기 위한 개선점을 도출, 피난자의 안전을 확보하는데 필요한 기준을 구체화하였다. 마지막으로 이 연구결과를 초고층건축물 소방안전관리에 활용될 수 있도록 하여 피난의 효율성을 확보할 수 있도록 하였다.