• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2022

E-cigarettes were considered safe at the early stage of market entry because they were thought not to contain harmful ingredients such as nicotine and because the smoke emitted was vapor. For this reason, the use of e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes or as a smoking cessation aid has emerged. However, the study results on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation are mixed. In response to the increased use of e-cigarettes, foreign countries have implemented various regulations, such as utilizing e-cigarettes for smoking cessation with a prescription in Australia; however, South Korea is still standing firm on recommending not to use e-cigarettes at all. Therefore, the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation and the regulatory trends of e-cigarette use overseas will be reviewed to discuss the future direction in South Korea needs to take.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.161-171
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• 2017

In recent years, the authenticity of leaders has become an important issue in leadership research. It is because the sincerity of the leader exerts a great influence on the behavior, attitude and performance of members of the organization. This study examines the effect of authentic leadership on organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior and job performance, and empirically analyzes whether the effect varies depending on public organizations and private organizations. The survey administered through a questionnaire was conducted for members of public corporations and private companies in Korea. Of the collected questionnaires, 444 were used in the analysis. Empirical results were verified by factor analysis and regression analysis using SPSS/WIN 23.0 and STATA 14.0. Results show that leadership had a positive effect on organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and job performance and the effect was significant in both public and private organizations.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.39-62
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• 2015

Relatively little studies have investigated employee recovery from internal service failure, especially from the employees' perspective. When handling customer complaints, employees must not only deal with legitimate customer demands after a service failure, such as providing an apology, rectifying the problem, and offering compensation, but they must also manage illegitimate dysfunctional customers, who may yell, threaten, and even physically harm the employee. These negative experiences can have strong effects, and employees can exhibit higher levels of stress such as burnout and emotional labor, which have been linked to dissatisfaction, tension and anxiety, reduced performance and effectiveness, and a greater propensity to leave the firm, ultimately leading to negative financial consequences for the firm. These conditions result in internal service failure and create the need to recover employees-in other words, internal service recovery. However, little research has examined this issue so far. The purpose of the current study, therefore, is to investigate the relationship between internal service recovery and employee outcomes. A pre-test, post-test between-subjects experimental design was developed. Participants were 166 part-time students who were working full-time. The average age of the participants was 36.74 years, and 57.50% of them were female. The average length of employment was 13 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups of approximately equal size. Three of the groups were subjected to an experimental situation involving an internal service failure, while one group was not exposed to failure, thereby acting as a control group. This study contributes to the service marketing literature in several ways. First, the study extends service failure and/or recovery research by examining recovery in an employee context. Second, this study attempts to measure internal service recovery and to empirically demonstrate its relationship to employee outcomes. Third, this investigation emphasizes the managerial importance of internal service recovery. For example, understanding the nature of the relationships between internal service recovery and its consequences can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of managers' resource allocation decisions.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.79-93
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• 2005

Despite the fact that the sourcing process in B2B e-Marketplaces is one of the most important tasks, the evaluation and selection process of suppliers have been ad-hoc based and mainly dependent on the experience of sourcing managers' subjective knowledge. To remedy the problem, we developed a decision support System (called Wise - I) that helps sourcing managers evaluate suppliers in a more systematic way. The system reflects company's strategy and know-how by adopting company enforced weighted scores for different factors and employing a more scientific method of considering factors other than price and on-time delivery rate, utilizing the AHP method. This paper reports the effectiveness of the system as well as the detailed description of the system. To investigate the effectiveness of the system, we collected information through interview and questionnaire survey. The information was also augmented through the firm key index system, which monitors average delivery lead time and on-time delivery rate. The result indicates that the system leads to the efficiency of purchasing section and the transparency of buying process, therefore reduces delivery time and cost.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.123-137
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• 2007

The advent of the Internet and related Web technologies has created an easily accessible link between a firm and its customers, and has provided opportunities to a firm to use information technology to support supplementary after-sale services associated with a product or service. It has been widely recognized that supplementary services are an important source of customer value and of competitive advantage as the characteristics of the product itself. Many of these supplementary services are information-based and need not be co-located with the product, so more and more companies are delivering these services electronically. Net-based customer service, which is defined as an Internet-based computerized information system that delivers services to a customer, therefore, is the core infrastructure for supplementary service provision. The importance of net-based customer service in delivering supplementary after-sale services associated with product has been well documented. The strategic advantages of well-implemented net-based customer service are enhanced customer loyalty and higher lock-in of customers, and a resulting reduction in competition and the consequent increase in profits. However, not all customers utilize such net-based customer service. The digital divide is the phenomenon in our society that captures the observation that not all customers have equal access to computers. Socioeconomic factors such as race, gender, and education level are strongly related to Internet accessibility and ability to use. This is due to the differences in the ability to bear the cost of a computer, and the differences in self-efficacy in the use of a technology, among other reasons. This concept, applied to e-commerce, has been called the "e-commerce divide." High Internet penetration is not eradicating the digital divide and e-commerce divide as one would hope. Besides, to accommodate personalized support, a customer must often provide personal information to the firm. This personal information includes not only name and address, but also preferences information and perhaps valuation information. However, many recent studies show that consumers may not be willing to share information about themselves due to concerns about privacy online. Due to the e-commerce divide, and due to privacy and security concerns of the customer for sharing personal information with firms, limited numbers of customers adopt net-based customer service. The limited level of customer adoption of net-based customer service affects the firm profits and the customers' welfare. We use a game-theoretic model in which we model the net-based customer service system as a mechanism to enhance customers' loyalty. We model a market entry scenario where a firm (the incumbent) uses the net-based customer service system in inducing loyalty in its customer base. The firm sells one product through the traditional retailing channels and at a price set for these channels. Another firm (the entrant) enters the market, and having observed the price of the incumbent firm (and after deducing the loyalty levels in the customer base), chooses its price. The profits of the firms and the surplus of the two customers segments (the segment that utilizes net-based customer service and the segment that does not) are analyzed in the Stackelberg leader-follower model of competition between the firms. We find that an increase in adoption of net-based customer service by the customer base is not always desirable for firms. With low effectiveness in enhancing customer loyalty, firms prefer a high level of customer adoption of net-based customer service, because an increase in adoption rate decreases competition and increases profits. A firm in an industry where net-based customer service is highly effective loyalty mechanism, on the other hand, prefers a low level of adoption by customers.

• Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-29
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• 1988

In the past decade, considerable effort has been devoted unsuccessfully to the development of information technology (IT) evaluation frameworks in the information systems area. Based on the literature review in this area and the decision analysis field, two competing evaluation frameworks are developed in this study: the direct evaluation framework and the indirect evaluation framework. A case study on Firm K shows that the latter is more practically efficient and theoretically appropriate but requires the adequate training for practitioners in order not to get confused the weight of an evaluation variable with the product of this weight and the score of the variable. Another finding is that Weill's conversion effectiveness is neither possible nor necessary to measure in the process of evaluating an IT although it is in theory an important concept.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.30
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• pp.3-26
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• 2006

Supply chain is viewed as a number of organizations(at least three) working cooperatively with at least some shared objectives. The concept of supply chain management represents the most advanced state in the evolutionary development of purchasing, procurement and other supply chain activities. This study aims to analyze and develop a measurement instrument for supply chain performance in international logistics. A measurement instrument for supply chain performance in international logistics are developed by Lai et al(2002). Supply chain reliability, customer service and cost are constructed reflecting service effectiveness and operations efficiency between shipper, forwarder and liner. The results of this study are as follow. We firstly tested the measurement properties of the sub-dimension of the supply chain performance construct using reliability test and confirmatory factor analysis follow by exploratory factor analysis. For each of the factor, reliability and validity are achieved because of the significant loading of the measurement items on their latent factors. Further research perform the analysis of variance by multi respondents within each firm and across partner firms in the supply chain. The result of analysis present the difference with shipper, forwarder and liner in statistics.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.7-17
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• 2019

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore how advertising for multilevel marketing brands affect the salesperson's activity including customer-salesperson interactivity, work attitude, and perceived and actual performance after the campaign. Research Design, data, and methodology - This study collects experimental data, survey data, and actual sales data and applies statistical analyses such as factor analysis, t-tests, and a structural equation model. Results - The results show that advertising campaign can enhance a salesperson's selling activities and provide wide managerial implications to a multilevel marketing firm by filling the gaps for the field of advertising research. Conclusions - Managerial implications include: i) multilevel marketing firms should consider advertising campaigns as a means of changing customer responses because advertising plays a significant role in increasing familiarity with, and knowledge of, attitudes toward the brand, which also helps salespeople interact with customers; ii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to support the sales activities of salespeople including sales effectiveness, work attitudes, and perceived performance, and iii) multilevel marketing firms should consider brand advertising as a means to enhance a salesperson's pride and motivation for selling their brand, which will lead to improved sales performances.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.96-107
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• 2004

This paper deals with $\ulcorner$Requirement Decision Model for Repair Parts supplied by the Government$\lrcorner$ which is to reduce Aircraft Contract Maintenance Cost. It aims to find solutions to the fundamental problems of the Aircraft Contract Maintenance System. Under the current Aircraft Contract Maintenance System, it is hard to forecast the exact demand of repair parts, so support rate of Repair Parts supplied by the Government is restricted under 50 percent. It is inevitable to purchase Repair Parts from the firm with much higher price than those of Government source. However, absence of fixed demand pattern makes it difficult to improve accuracy of demand forecast. As a solution to these problems, this model prevents a cost increase due to the unit price difference between Repair Parts supplied by the Government and Repair Parts purchased by the Firm. It also reflects demand characteristics of each repair part, and prevents continual stock increase by setting an upper limit on the amount of Repair Parts supplied by the Government. The effectiveness of this model is verified by empirical analysis using the latest raw data. By applying this model to real situation, we expect to reduce about 4 billion won every year.

• East Asian Journal of Business Economics (EAJBE)
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.13-24
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• 2018

Purpose - This study investigates the moderation effect of internal factor, a firms size, on the external knowledge sourcing strategy and its effectiveness in generating radical innovation. We incorporate concepts of breadth and depth as two measures to gauge the degree of openness in firms external search Research design and methodology - The dependent variable in the regression model is the percentage of innovative sales and therefore, Tobit regression is employed for estimating significant factors affecting on the ratio of first-to-market by breadth and depth in external knowledge, internationalization, and size. Results - The results show that the external knowledge, in terms of both breadth and depth, has a positive relationship with radical innovation. However internationalization as external knowledge resources is not statistically accepted. Firm size has moderating effect on innovation negatively only in case of using external knowledge resources to a high degree. Conclusions - Firms obtain external information mostly from customers, competitors, and suppliers etc. empirical knowledge in terms of scope and intensity is an important contributor to innovation. And intensity use of external knowledge and information resources can work in favor of smaller firms rather than larger ones. Internationalization seems to have little effect on innovation but it requires further researches with clear criteria and more data.