• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.199-210
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• 2004

Since the 119 fire department was legally permitted to serve in Emergency Medical Service(EMS)Operation of emergency patients in 1983, 119 EMS operation in general has made a big progress in serving the needs for emergency patients. Currently EMS operation is carried out by 119 EMS unit, private ambulance Co.,etc. But due to the public recognition and volunteers, 119 EMS operation carries the major share of the service. This observation is not surprising in that such a trends occured in Japan 20 years ago. This paper compared the 119 EMS operation conducted by the fire department in Korea with that of Japan in order to draw some inferences from the comparison. The results of the study compared to Japan were as follows: 1. Japan was higher 1.5 times in the number of EMS units per population(100,000), 1.1 times in the number of patient transports per unit. 2. Japan was higher 4.54 times in the number of the 119 EMS personnel per population(100,000), 30.6 times in that per square killometers, 30.6 times per 119 EMS unit, in per ambulance 2.48times. 3. Japan was higher 1.83 times in the number of ambulance per population(100,000), 1.26 times in that per square killo meters. 4. Japan was higher 1.7 times in the number of transport patients per population (100,000), but Korea was higher 2.68 times in the transport patients per EMS personal. 5. Compared to Japan, there was no emergency care related to ALS, for example, such as administering dugs orally and intravenously, interpreting elctrocardiograms, performing endotracheal tube or LMA insertion, using monitors and other complex equipments in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.10-19
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• 1984

The $3{\times}3{\times}30$ ($cm^3$) sized lumbers of Populus alba-grandulosa L. were treated with four fire-retardant solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and aluminium chloride for 1, 15, 30, and 60 minutes and 1, 3, and 7 days. Thereafter they were air-dried and burned at high temperature about $1,800^{\circ}C$ and for short time of five minutes. This study estimated the relationship between absorbed chemical amounts and rate of weight loss or residual bending strength of these burned lumbers. The results were as follows: 1) In absorption amount of fire-retardant chemicals, diammonium phosphate showed the largest, aluminium chloride the smallest, but monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate showed similar level. 2) The absorption amount of chemicals was decreased with the increase of specific gravity in the same species except aluminium chloride. 3) The rate of weight loss was decreased as the absorption amount of chemicals increased, especially monoammonium phosphate was most effective. 4) The MOR value of the residual bending strength was increased as the absorption amount of chemicals increased and especially monoammonium phosphate showed the most efficient effect. 5) Aluminium chloride showed more striking increase of MOR value of residual bending strength with the increase of absorption amount than any other chemical, therefore its MOR value was similar to the maximum MOR value of the most effective monoammonium phosphate. 6) The correlation between weight loss and MOR value of the residual bending strength was negative and aluminium chloride showed the most striking negative relation, but the others showed similar trends. 7) The correlation between work to proportional limit and absorption amount of chemicals was positive and the degree of increase in work to proportional limit was most in aluminium chloride, and the next, in monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate in turn. 8) The correlation between work to maximum load and absorption amount of chemicals showed positive and diammonium phosphate revealed the best result and aluminium chloride showed better results than other two chemicals.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.163-170
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• 2000

Accident statistics shows that the portion of fatal occupant injuries due to side impacts is considerably high. The side impact usually leads to a severe intrusion of side structure into the passenger compartment. Furthermore, the safety zone for the side impact is relatively small compared to the front impact. Those kinds of physics for side impact frequently result in a fatal injury for the occupant. Therefore, NHTSA and EEVC are trying to intensify the regulation for the occupant protection against side impact. Both the regulation and recent market trends are asking for an installation of side airbag. There are several types of system configuration for side impact sensing. In this paper, we adopt the acceleration-based remote sensing method for the side airbag control system. We mainly focus on the development of hardware and crash discrimination algorithm of remote sensing unit. The crash discrimination algorithm needs fast decision of airbag firing especially for high-speed side impact such as FMVSS 214 and EEVC tests. It is also required to distinguish between low-speed fire and no-fire events. The algorithm should have a sufficient safety margin against any misuse situation such as hammer blow, door slam, etc. This paper introduces several firing criteria such as acceleration. velocity and energy criteria that use physical value proportional to crash severity. We have made a simulation program by using Matlab/Simulink to implement the proposed algorithm. We have conducted an algorithm calibration by using real crash data for 2,500cc vehicle. The crash performance obtained by the simulation was verified through a pulse injection method. It turned out that the results satisfied the system requirements well.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.105-111
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• 2018

Based on the Statistical Yearbook of 119 Emergency Medical Services in 2017 (National Fire Agency, 2018) and Population Projection by Province: 2015~2045 (Statistics Korea, 2017), this study analyzed the effects of population changes, such as low fertility and aging on the use of ambulance services in the future. The population of Korea is expected to decline after peaking in 2031, but the number of elderly people aged over 70 is expected to continue to increase. The rates of emergency ambulance transport (REAT, the number of patients transferred per 1,000 inhabitants) are not changed significantly, compared to the recent trends, but the ambulance services for elderly over 70 years of age will increase exponentially. Therefore, the population changes due to low fertility and aging is accompanied by a quantitative and qualitative change in ambulance services, and from the long term perspectives, it is necessary to consider not only the effective response of ambulance services due to aging, but also the adjustment of existing jurisdictions due to population changes and the relocation of manpower and resources.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.106-114
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• 2020

The two major trends that have emerged in recent years in relation to disaster recovery and recovery are 'regional infrastructure', 'regional leadership' and 'community recovery'. In the former case, it is to avoid disaster recovery and recovery by using external personnel and resources, and to maximize the resources in the area under the initiative of the residents of the affected area. And through this process, it is to prepare a new growth engine for disaster-affected areas. In addition, the latter expands disaster recovery targets to the general population living in affected areas and is not limited to victims. Through this, we can expect to recover the 'community' beyond the individual's recovery. In the Ansan of Gyeonggi-do, where many families of 'Sewolho' live, and in the Heunghae-eup of Pohang, Gyeongbuk-do, where the damage was severe, projects are underway to restore communities. And In these areas local activists and civic groups are actively utilized to efforts are being made to increase efficiency. Nevertheless, in the case of the community recovery program being promoted in Korea, there are limitations that it can be promoted only on the basis of special laws and that participation of various actors is necessary. This study intends to propose the limitations of current projects and ways to solve them by analyzing domestic and foreign cases related to the community recovery program for disaster-affected communities using local resources. we suggest two way. One is the relaxation of the national dependence of the community recovery program, and the other is to expand the area of disaster relief through.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.260-269
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• 2002

The fire resistance of particulate polypropylene composite systems were investigated by using various reinforced particles such as zeolite, talc, $CaCO_3$ particles. In this study, The effect of particle size on the thermal properties of composite and the effect of reinforced particles on the fire resistance were studied. The inorganic reinforced particles used in this study were recycled zeolite(average particle diameter=85.34 $mu extrm{m}$), $CaCO_3$ (33.93 $mu extrm{m}$), and talc (18.51 $mu extrm{m}$). The fire resistance of composite systems was thoroughly examined by measuring limited oxygen index (LOI, ASTM D2863) and cone calorimetry (ASTM E1354, ISO 5660). Thermal stability of composite systems was thoroughly examined by measuring TGA. The flame retardants (DBDPO) and reinforced particles reduce the maximum heat release rate (M-HRR) in the order of Talc > $CaCO_3$ > recycled Zeolite. Comparing the cone calorimetry experimental results of the particle reinforced polymer composite system exhibited twice higher efficiency than DBDPO in polypropylene systems, and the LOI also showed similar trends to the cone calorimetry experiments. The optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques were used to investigate the composites ash layer and the core fracture surfaces in the burning process. The reinforcing inorganic particles seemed to accumulate at the surface of ash layer, and subsequently intercept the oxygen transport and heat transfer into the core area.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

Purpose: The current study analyzed trends in thermal insulation performance with aging, and condensation characteristics caused by the former. Method: Thermal insulation and condensation prevention performance of an architecture were assessed using Temperature Difference Ration Inside, or TDRi. Subjects of this quantitative analysis in thermal insulation performance change due to aging included recently constructed apartments and aged apartments older than 40 years. Time series comparison and analysis were conducted to observed changes in the thermal insulation performance and condensation characteristics. Result: Analysis showed that wall insulation performance degraded with aging regardless of fortified insulating material usage or insulating material type, which caused increased danger of condensation. In addition, when fortified insulating material was installed on the connection between the walls, insulation performance degradation was lower compared to cases in which fortified materials were not used. In all cases from 1 to 10, the rate of thermal insulation performance degradation increased after 20 years of aging.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.127-138
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• 2010

Traditional Chinese Medicine is based on Five Phase theory that link Liver, Heart, Spleen, Lung, Kidney to Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water respectively. Recently, some argue that this correspondence scheme had been established by political or socio-humane issues in early Eastern Han dynasty. But according to our analysis on Changgongyeoljeon(in Sagi), it has been revealed that this scheme had their own history from early Western Han dynasty. So we may conclude that people with medical profession had preserved the current correspondence scheme in Five Phase theory regardless trends of literature and politics in Western and Eastern Han dynasty.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2000

This research has been done to investigate influence of soil physical and chemical properties on forest environmental change by fired pine forest in Koseong, Kangwondo. The sample sites were divided by not-fired sites(NF), not-cutting site after fired(FNC), cutting and planting sites after fired(FCP) and cutting and not-planting sites after fired(FC). Soil texture of whole sites was sandy clay loam. Sand content of NF top soil were lower than those of sub soil and clay content were higher, while FNC, FCP and FC sand content of top soil were higher than those of sub soil. Total porosity didn't differ between the sites. Coarse porosity and permeability had the increasing order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, but fine porosity and bulk density had the opposite trends. Because forest fire removed the vegetation and then soil erosion was accelerated, forest environmental changes by forest fire greatly degraded soil porosity and permeability which were indices for forest water retention, so that soil physical properties were deteriorated. Both top and sub soil pHs of NF and FNC were higher than those of FCP and FC. Organic matter content and total nitrogen content of top and sub soils were high in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC. Cation exchange capacities and exchangeable cation(K+, Na+, $Ca^2$+, $Mg^2$+) content in top soils were higher than those in sub soils, and in order as NF> FNC> FCP> FC, to be compared by the sites. Those mean that forest fire result from the erosion of top soil layers.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.634-647
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• 2019

Purpose: Currently, many chemicals are used in industrial and real life, and many substances are used in the form of a single substance, but most of them are used in the form of a mixture, and there is a need for a criterion for judging the danger of these substances. Method: Therefore, this study aims to confirm the risk criteria of the mixture through experimental studies on flammable mixtures in order to secure the effectiveness of the details of the existing Dangerous Goods Safety Management Act angerous Goods Judgment Criteria and to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the dangerous goods judgment. Result: Experimental results show that alcohol flash point is mixed with water, which is a non-flammable liquid. Similar flash point trends occurred around 60% on an alcohol basis. In addition, in the case of flammable-combustible mixtures, there was little change in flash point if the flash point difference of the two materials was not large, and if the flash point difference of the two materials was low, the flash point tended to increase with the increase of the high flash point material. Conclusion: In the future, the test results may provide reference data on the experimental criteria for the flammable liquids that are cracked at the fire site.