• The Journal of Korean Institute of Next Generation Computing
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.53-63
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• 2019

To provide a hand gesture interface through deep learning in mobile environments, research on the light-weighting of networks is essential for high recognition rates while at the same time preventing degradation of execution speed. This paper proposes a method of real-time recognition of written characters in the air using a finger on mobile devices through the light-weighting of deep-learning model. Based on the SSD (Single Shot Detector), which is an object detection model that utilizes MobileNet as a feature extractor, it detects index finger and generates a result text image by following fingertip path. Then, the image is sent to the server to recognize the characters based on the learned OCR model. To verify our method, 12 users tested 1,000 words using a GALAXY S10+ and recognized their finger with an average accuracy of 88.6%, indicating that recognized text was printed within 124 ms and could be used in real-time. Results of this research can be used to send simple text messages, memos, and air signatures using a finger in mobile environments.

• Journal of Korean Living Environment System
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.95-106
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate comfort functions while wearing firefighters' protective gloves in dry and wet conditions at $70^{\circ}C$ air temperature with radiant heat. Four types of firefighting gloves from Korea, Germany, United States, and Japan were evaluated in both dry and wet conditions by eight male firefighters. Firefighters put their hands and forearms wearing gloves into a hands-radiant chamber that maintained at an air temperature of $70{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ ($T_a$) and globe temperature $106^{\circ}C$ ($T_g$). During the exposure, subjects followed a fixed protocol of manual movements and stopped the exposure when they felt being intolerable. Results showed that completion time was extended by 6 min on average when gloves got wet and 15 min for the Japanese gloves was extended when compared to its dry condition (p<.001); microclimate humidity on the palm at the last stage was greater for wet conditions than dry conditions in the all gloves; and skin temperatures on mid-fingertip, palm, and hand were significantly lower for wet conditions than dry conditions especially for Japanese gloves (p<.001). These results indicate that the exposure time without thermal pain to radiant heat could be extended by wetting gloves during the low radiant heat exposure.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.32-41
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• 2019

Background: Limitations in hip flexion caused by tight hamstrings lead to excessive lumbar flexion and low back pain. Accordingly, many studies have examined how to stretch the hamstring muscle. However, no study has focused on the effect of hamstring eccentric exercise for tight hamstrings on trunk forward bending. Objects: We compared the short-term effect of hamstring eccentric exercise (HEE) and hamstring static stretching (HSS) on trunk forward bending in individuals with tight hamstrings. Methods: Thirty individuals with tight hamstrings participated in the study. The subjects were randomly allocated to either a HEE or HSS group. To determine whether the hamstrings were tight, the active knee extension (AKE) test was performed, and the degree of hip flexion was measured. To assess trunk forward bending, subjects performed the fingertip to floor (FTF) and modified modified Schober tests, and the degree of trunk forward bending was measured using an inclinometer. We used paired t-tests to compare the values before and after exercise in each group and independent t-tests to compare the two groups on various measures Results: The FTF test results were improved significantly after the exercise in both groups, and AKE for both legs increased significantly in both groups. There was no significant difference in the hip angles, mmS test results, or degree of trunk forward bending between groups after the exercise. No test results differed significantly between the two groups at baseline or after the exercise. Both groups increased hamstring flexibility and trunk forward bending. Conclusion: HSS and the HEE groups increased hamstring flexibility and trunk forward bending. However, HEE has additional benefits, such as injury prevention and muscle strengthening.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.345-355
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• 2021

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of external vibrating devices and counterstimulation on a child's dental anxiety, apprehension, and pain perception during local anesthetic administration. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized, parallel-arm, single-blinded interventional, clinical trial. One hundred children aged 4-11 years, requiring pulp therapy or extraction under local anesthesia (LA), were recruited and allocated equally into two groups (1:1) based on the interventions used: Group BD (n = 50) received vibration using a Buzzy^® device {MMJ Labs, Atlanta, GE, USA} as a behavior guidance technique; Group CS (n = 50) received counterstimulation for the same technique. Anxiety levels [Venham's Clinical Anxiety Rating Scale (VCARS), Venham Picture Test (VPT), Pulse oximeter {Gibson, Fingertip Pulse Oximeter}, Beijing, China)] were assessed before, during, and after LA administration, while pain perception [Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)] was evaluated immediately after injection. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t-test to assess the mean difference between the two groups and the repeated measures ANOVA for testing the mean difference in the pulse rates. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Significant differences in mean pulse rate values were observed in both groups. In contrast, the children in the BD group had higher diminution (P < 0.05), whereas the mean VCARS and VPT scores were conspicuous (P < 0.05). Based on the mean WBFPS and VAS scores, delayed pain perception after LA injection was more prominent in the BD group than in the CS group. Conclusion: External vibration using a Buzzy^® device is comparatively better than counterstimulation in alleviating needle-associated anxiety in children requiring extraction and pulpectomy.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 2023

Background Hypothenar free flaps (HTFFs) have been widely used for reconstructing palmar defects. Although previous anatomical and clinical studies of HTFF have been conducted, this technique still has some limitations. In this study, we describe some tips for large flap design that allows for easy harvesting of HTFFs with minimal donor site morbidity. Methods A total of 14 HTFF for hand defect reconstruction were recorded. The oblique flap was designed in the proximal HT area following relaxed skin tension line along the axis between fourth web space and 10 mm ulnar side of pisiform. A flap pedicle includes one or two perforators with ulnar digital artery and HT branch of basilic vein. In addition, innervated HTFF can be harvested with a branch of ulnar digital nerve. Electronic medical records were reviewed to obtain data on patients' information, operative details, and follow-up period. In addition, surgical outcome score was obtained from the patient, up to 10 points, at the last follow-up. Results Mean harvest time was 46 minutes, and two perforators were included in 10 cases. The mean flap area was 10.84 cm². There were no problems such as donor site depression, scar contracture, keloids, wound dehiscence, numbness or neuroma pain at donor sites, and hypersensitivity or cold intolerance at flap site, either functionally or aesthetically. Conclusion Palmar defect reconstruction is challenging for hand surgeons. However, large HTFF can be harvested without complications using the oblique axis HTFF technique. We believe our surgical tips increase utility of HTFF for palmar defect reconstruction.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-68
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• 1996

Although nursing researchers have performed studies on parent-child relationship actively since early 1980s in Korea, nothing hasn't been tried on the analysis of the contents of researches. We researchers tried examining the trend of researches by investigating treaties on mother-child relationship conducted from 1981 to 1994. The purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of research on the mother-child relationship and to suggest direction for future study. The total numbers of the studies were 27 cases, These studies were analyzed for 1) time of publication 2) research design 3)main concept 4)thesis for a degree or nondegree 5) measurement tool The finding of the analysis were as follows. 1) In the chronological situation, the research on mother-child relationship began to perform in 1981 in the country and had been made most for five years to 1986 with 14 treaties and has decreased since 1990. 2) In the research plan, there are 21 survey(the most) ,5 quasi experimental(before 1986), 1 qualitative. 3) In the subject, the researches on mother-child are the most, 22 and of them 17 treaties on normal infant,4 comparative research on high risk infant and normal infant,5 treaties on mother, 4) The conception of mother-child relationship was used as various conceptions such as affection, union, bonding in early research of 1980s, but it hasn't been used as union bonding but studied mostly as the conception of 'mother-child interaction'since 1986. 5) The measurement tool of research was used variously, the Cropley's tool was used in early 1980s, but Walker's MIPS, Barnard's NCAST were used mostly in 1990. 6) Mother-child interaction influence on mother's self-conception, stress, care and feeding of child, frequency of delivery, planned pregnancy and delivery and health condition of child, birth weight, fetal period, period of mother-child life. Aspects of mother-child interaction composed on visual contact, looking at each other, skinship and caress with finger and fingertip. The leading action of mother-child interaction was mostly uttering action. 7) I suggest that the program for professional education is necessary for the establishment of the aspects of mother-child interaction.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1998

This paper is based on the design and analysis computing model of oxygen saturation with the pulse oximeter using the integral ratio of pulsating components. In our proposed algorithm. we modeled the transmitted optical signal in fingertip or earlobe to DC component $A_{dc}$ pulsating component $A_a\;Sinwt$, noise component $A_{noise}$ and etc.. To separate the pulsating components and DC components efficiently, we defined the signal average to DC components. Also we presented the way to eliminate the noise using integral ratio. To acquire a linearity of correlation graph for pulsating components ratios and non invasive oxygen saturation. we intensively observed on the oxygen saturations in the range of 75-100% in consideration of the error range of simulator. Also, for real time processing we experimented on changing the period of area calculating cycle from 1 to 6. The functional evaluation of the algorithm is compared with the method using the amplitude ratio of pulsating components frequently seen with pulse oximeter. The result was that our algorithm with 4 cycles of area calculating cycle which considered to be best fit by 1% to the existing method. Moreover r , the decision coefficient showing the correlation of regression graph with real data, proved better result of 0.985 than 0.970.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.49-56
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose a control method of virtual hand by the recognition of a user's hand in the virtual reality game environment. We display virtual hand on the game screen after getting the information of the user's hand movement and the direction thru input images by camera. We can utilize the movement of a user's hand as an input interface for virtual hand to select and move the object. As a hand recognition method based on the vision technology, the proposed method transforms input image from RGB color space to HSV color space, then segments the hand area using double threshold of H, S value and connected component analysis. Next, The center of gravity of the hand area can be calculated by 0 and 1 moment implementation of the segmented area. Since the center of gravity is positioned onto the center of the hand, the further apart pixels from the center of the gravity among the pixels in the segmented image can be recognized as fingertips. Finally, the axis of the hand is obtained as the vector of the center of gravity and the fingertips. In order to increase recognition stability and performance the method using a history buffer and a bounding box is also shown. The experiments on various input images show that our hand recognition method provides high level of accuracy and relatively fast stable results.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.71-81
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to ob serve effects of CPM(Continuous Passive Motion) on hand functional and upper-extremity muscular strength rehabilitation for stroke patients. Method: Objects of this study, three patients have the symptoms of hemiplegia due to stroke. These are acute patients, within a 18 months after treatment and correspond in Brunnstrom stage 4~6. This study used single subject (A-B) design for three patients with a stroke and the effect of CPM was measured using Jebsen-Taylor hand function test, Purdue Pegboard test, hand muscular strength test. They received CPM for 3 weeks, 2 per day, 30 minutes for each, total 30 times. Results: Two patients' results of fingertip grip test in hand strength measurements did not change. Results of Jebsen-Taylor hand function test, Purdue Pegboard test and other hand muscular strength test were improved. To validate statistical results nonparametric statistical method, Wilcoxon signed ranks test was performed. P-Values are greater than 0.05 so difference between be fore and after treatment is not statistically significant result. Conclusion: Despite of limitation of short program period and fewer participants, CPM which has been conducted for stroke patients showed the effect on improvement of hand function and muscle strength. This study shows that CPM which is mainly used to treate lower-extremity rehabilitation can be use to improve performance of hand function and strength for patients with stroke.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2010

Purpose: First introduced by Buncke and Rose in 1979, the neurovascular partial $2^{nd}$ toe pulp free tissue transfer has been attempted to reconstruct posttraumatic finger tip injuries. Although some surgeons prefer other reconstructive methods such as skin graft and local flap, we chose the partial $2^{nd}$ toe pulp flap owing to its many advantages. We report three successful surgical cases in which the patients had undergone this particular method of reconstruction. Methods: We retrospectively examined three cases of fingertip injury patients due to mechanical injury. Bone exposure was seen in all three cases, All had undergone partial toe pulp free flap for soft tissue defect coverage. Results: All flaps survived without any complications such as partial necrosis, hematoma or dehiscence. Although tingling sensation has returned in both cases, two-point discrimination has not returned yet. Currently no patient is complaining of any pain which gradually improved during their course of recuperation. All stitches were removed on postoperative 2 weeks. Patients are satisfied with the final surgical result and there are no signs of any edema or hematoma. Conclusion: The homodigital reconstruction of finger tip injury using the partial $2^{nd}$ toe pulp flap has numerous advantages compared to other reconstructive modalities such as its resistance to wear and tear and in that it provides a non-slip palmar digital surface. However it requires microsurgery which may not be preferred by surgeons. Advanced age of the patient can be a relative contraindication to this approach since atheromatous plaque from the donor toe can compromise flap circulation after surgery. We report three successful cases which patient age was considered appropriate. Further investigation with a larger number of cases and long term follow-up is deemed necessary.