• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.1043-1054
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• 2003

During the period from April to September 2002, the size distributions of ambient aerosol were measured at the coastal site at Hamduk in Jeju Island. Na$\^$+/, K$\^$+/, Mg$\^$2+/, Ca$\^$2+/and Cl$\^$-/ exhibited mostly a bimodal coarse mode size distribution, while ammonium and sulfate were mainly in the fine size range, with maximum at around 0.54$\mu\textrm{m}$. The average molar concentration ratio of ammonium to sulfate for fine particles was equal to 2.0${\pm}$0.9. Nitrate was evenly found in both the coarse and fine modes. Elements like Al, Fe, Cu, Mg, Na, Ti, Sr and Mn were dominant in coarse particles, with the maximum at around 5.25$\mu\textrm{m}$. S and Pb were mainly in the submicrometer size range. Other elements with a fine and coarse modes were V, Ni, Cu, Ba and Mo. The patterns of the size distributions of trace elements measured at the downtown in Jeju City were very similar to those at the coastal site in Hamduk. However, the amplitude of size fractional concentrations at Jeju City was narrower than that at Hamduk. While the mass median diameters for the chemical species originated from the natural origin such as marine and crust were relatively large, those for ammonium, sulfate, S and Pb were very small.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.305-315
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• 1999

The annular denuder system(ADS) was used to determine characteristics of acidic air pollutants and $PM_{2.5}$ species in Seoul-metropolitan areas. All measurements were done simultaneously in downtown(Kwanghwamun, Mullae, Chamshil, Ssangmun dongs) and outskirts(Puch n, Kuri cities) during four seasons. The samples were analyzed using ion chromatography for gas-phase matters(HCl, $HNO_2$, $HNO_3$ and $SO^2$) and particulate phase matters($Cl^-$, $NO^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4^-$ and $Ca^{2+}$) and was measured fine particles($PM_{2.5}$). The seasonal mean concentrations of HCl, HNO2, HNO3 and SO2 in downtown and outskirt areas were very similar. All chemical species monitored from this study showed seasonal variations. Nitric acid(HNO3) and Nitrous acid(HNO2) were showed higher concentrations during the summer. $PM_{2.5}$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NH_4^-$, $NO_3^-$ and $Cl^-$ in the particulate phase matters were higher levels during the winter months. The concentrations of these components were 54.8, 3.82, 2.49, 1.80 and 1.02$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.300-310
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• 2008

In order to further determine the mass concentration and ion composition of size-segregated particulate matter (PM) during the non-Asian dust storm of spring, $PM_{2.5}$ (fine particle), $PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particle), and $PM_{over-10}$ (PM with an aerodynamic diameter larger than $10{\mu}m$) were collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in the spring season of 2007 in the Iksan area. During the sampling period from 5 April to 21 April, a total of 34 samples for size-segregated PM were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations by gravimetric measurements and for water-soluble inorganic ion species by using ion chromatography. Average mass concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, $PM_{over-10}$ were $35.4{\pm}11.5{\mu}g/m^3$, $13.3{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and $9.5{\pm}4.7{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. On average, $PM_{2.5}$ accounted for 74% of $PM_{10}$. Compared with the literature from other areas in Korea, the measured concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ were relatively high. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions in $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$, and $PM_{over-10}$ were found to be 47.8%, 28.5%, and 14.7%, respectively. Among the water-soluble inorganic ion species, $SO_4^{2-}$, $NO_3^-$ and $NH_4^+$ were the main components in $PM_{2.5}$, while $NO_3^-$ dominantly existed in both $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$. Non-seasalt $SO_4^{2-}$ (nss-$SO_4^{2-}$ and $NO_3^-$ were found to mainly exist as the neutralized chemical components of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$ in fine particles.

• Proceedings of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.193-194
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• 2000

To investigate the characteristics of fine particles and the relationships between pollutant concentrations and long-range transport patterns in Asia area, continuous every 6-day sampling (case 1) and an intensive field sampling (case 2) had been carried out between March 1998 and July 1999 at Taean, Korea. Anionic ($Cl^{-}$, ${NO_{3}}^{-}$, ${SO_{4}}^{2-}$) and Cationic ($Na^+$, ${NH_{4}}^{ +}, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$) concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ particle were analyzed. The major objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between the chemical compounds of $PM_{2.5}$ and the long-range transport patterns during intensive sampling period.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2000

Chemical compositions of air pollutants with fine particles (<2.5 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, PB2.5) were evaluated at background site. Kangwha. in Korea during the winter season. The data set was obtained for seventeed days with 24-hour sampling from December 11 to 16, 1996 and from January 9 to 1997. The chemical species have been measured {{{{ {SO }`_{4 } ^{2- } }}}}, {{{{ { NO}`_{3 } ^{- } }}}}, {{{{ { NH}`_{4 } ^{+ } }}}}. OC and EC in the particulate phase, NH3 HNO3, HCl and SO2 in the gas phase using the three stage filter pack method. Mean concentration ($\mu\textrm{g}$/m3) of this study were : 35.42 for PM2.5 8.78 for organic carbon (OC) 7.25 for nss {{{{ {SO }`_{4 } ^{2- } }}}}, 4.94 for {{{{ { NO}`_{3 } ^{- } }}}}, 3.58 for {{{{ { NH}`_{4 } ^{+ } }}}} and 1.48 for elemental carbon (EC) respectively. Contributive rates of major particulate components in PM2.5 were OC (25%) nss- {{{{ {SO }`_{4 } ^{2- } }}}}(20%) ,{{{{ { NO}`_{3 } ^{- } }}}}(14%) {{{{ { NH}`_{4 } ^{+ } }}}}(10%) and EC (4%) respectively and these components could be accounted for 73% of PM2.5 mass. Reactive forms of {{{{ { NH}`_{4 } ^{+ } }}}} were considered as NH4HO3 and NH4{{{{ {SO }`_{4 } ^{2- } }}}} during the sampling periods. {{{{ { NO}`_{3 } ^{- } }}}}/({{{{ { NO}`_{3 } ^{- } }}}} + HNO3) and {{{{ {SO }`_{4 } ^{2- } }}}}/({{{{ {SO }`_{4 } ^{2- } }}}} + SO2) were calculated 0.8 and 0.9 respectively. Most of these compounds might be formed in partiiculate phase in the air. Correlation coefficient between OC and EC was 0.866 which might have the same sources during the sampling periods,.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.408-421
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• 2007

The concentration characteristics of atmospheric particle matters (PM) including $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, and TSP were evaluated through the measurement data of PM_{2.5}$ (fine particulate), PM_{10-2.5}$ (coarse particulate), and PM_{over-10}$ collected using a MCI (multi-nozzle cascade impactor) sampler of a three-stage filter pack in spring of 2006 in Iksan area. During the sampling period of 10-15 March and 24 days from 8 April to 2 May, 32 samples for PM of each size fractions were collected, and then measured for PM mass concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ion species. Average concentrations of $PM_{2.5},\;PM_{10}$, TSP were $57.9{\pm}44.1mg/m^3$, $96.6{\pm}89.1mg/m^3$, and $114.8{\pm}99.7mg/m^3$, respectively. Water-soluble inorganic ion fractions to PM mass were found to be 36.5%, 18.0%, and 11.1% for $PM_{2.5}$, $PM_{10-2.5}$ and $PM_{over-10}$, respectively. By showing the high concentrations of PM samples during Asian dust events, those three fractions of PM were distinguished between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event. However, the increase of PM concentrations observed during Asian dust events showed a different pattern for some Asian dust events. The differences of those three fractions in the size distribution may depend on differences on place of occurrence of Asian dust storm and course of transport from China continent to Iksan area in Korea. However, the extent of PM mass contribution during Asian dust events was generally dominated by the coarse particles rather than the fine fraction of PM. The variations of water-soluble inorganic ion species concentration in those three PM fractions between the samples of Asian dust event and the samples of no event were also discussed in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2000

Effects of sea-salts on the properties of aerosol collected in a coastal region were studied by applying a gas-particle equilibrium model SCAPE to the measurement data from Korea Cheju Island in summer 1994. It was found that the observed higher ammonium concentrations in fine particles (PM2.5) than in TSP were caused by forced evaporation of ammonium in coarse fraction of aerosol by sea-salts and the degree of evaporation was quantified through an application of SCAPE. By subtracting the sea-salt fraction from the measured concentra-tions the changes of aerosol property were also studied. The concentrations of nitrate at both TSP and PM2.5 decreased when alkaline sea-salt fraction was removed from the measured data. Estimates of aerosol acidity increased for most samples with sea salt loadings, However in some cases with high mass fractions of sea-salt components the aerosol acidity of PM2.5 decreased slightly. This is though to be related with the formation of solid salt with the removal of sea-salts.

• Particle and aerosol research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.89-95
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• 2018

People's environmental concerns for fine particles in Korea lead to the strong necessity of improving the performance of environmental control systems. Wet electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are considered as one of the alternatives to overcome the limit of previous dry ESPs, the re-entrainment of collected particles during rapping and back corona problem for high electrical resistivity dusts etc. In this study, a wire-cylindrical ESP with a thin water film has been developed. Particle collection characteristics were compared in the ESP with operations of water film on and off. Particle collection efficiencies at various applied voltages as well as voltage-current curves were almost the same in the ESP with and without a water film. Particle collection performance for PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10 in the wet ESP with a water film was constantly maintained with operation time even in the high dust loading environment. This results indicate that a uniform water film in our wet ESP was successfully formed with a very thin layer without any dry spot and therefore could continuously clean the collected particles on the inner wall of the ESP without any performance degradation.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the concentration of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train and platform of subway 1, 2, 4 and 5 in Seoul, KOREA. $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide were monitored using Portable Aerosol Spectrometer at afternoon (between 13:00 and 16:00). The concentrations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ in inside train were monitored to be higher than those measured in platform. In addition, $PM_{10}$ concentration in both platform and inside train were found to be greatly higher than range of from 35 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 81${\mu}g/m^3$ in ambient air reported by Ministry of Environment. This study found that there were many inside train in subway 1, 2, 4 line where exceeded 150 ${\mu}g/m^3$ of Korean PM10 standard. The average percentage that exceeded PM10 standard was 83.3% in line 1, 37.9% in line 2 and 63.1% in line 4, respectively. In particular, most of inside train in subway line 1 were over PM10 limit. PM2.5 concentration ranged from 77.7 ${\mu}g/m^3$ to 158.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$, which were found to be greatly higher than ambient air PM2.5 standard promulgated by United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) (24 hours arithmatic mean : 65 ${\mu}g/m^3$, year average : 15 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The percentage of $PM_{2.5}$ in $PM_{10}$ was 86.2% in platform, 81.7% in inside train, 80.2% in underground and 90.2% in ground. These results indicated that fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) accounted for most of $PM_{10}$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2009

The Asian dust storms which originated in the deserts of Mongolia and China transported particles to Korea and led to a high concentration of atmospheric particulate matters (PM) of more than $1000{\mu}g/m^3$ throughout the country in the spring, of 2007. Public concern, in Korea, about the possible adverse effects of these dust events has increased, as these dust storms can contain various air pollutants emitted from heavily industrialized eastern China. The objectives of this study were to understand the concentration characteristics of PM as a function of particle size between the Asian dust storm episodes and non-Asian dust period and to consider the mass size distribution of PM in the Asian dust storms and their water soluble ion species on the potential, possible effects on deposition levels in the three regions (nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar) of the human respiratory system. The size distribution of PM mass concentration during the Asian dust storms showed a peak in the coarse particle region due to the long-range transport of soil particles from the deserts of Mongolia and China, which was identified by HYSPLIT-4 model for backward trajectory analysis of air arriving in the sampling site of Iksan. During the non-Asian dust period, there were two different types in PM size distribution: bimodal distribution when low concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were observed, while unimodal distribution having a peak in fine particle region when high concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were showed. This unimodal distribution with high concentrations of fine particulate and secondary air pollutants such as ${SO_4}^{2-}$, ${NO_3}^-$, ${NH_4}^+$ was found to be due to the long-range transport of air pollutants from industrialized eastern China. During the Asian dust storms, the mean concentrations of PM that can be deposited in the nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar region were $128.8{\mu}g/m^3$, $216.5{\mu}g/m^3$, and $89.6{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. During the non-Asian dust period, the mean concentrations of PM that can be deposited in the nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar region were $8.4{\mu}g/m^3$, $9.5{\mu}g/m^3$ and $38.5{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively.