• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.20-34
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of an Aspergillus oryzae fermentation culture on the in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein, and pH in in vitro experiment of diets for dairy cows. A fungal species, Aspergillus oryzae was supplied by Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Korea (KCTC 1229). The experimental diets were commercial compound feed (concentrate) and total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating cows, of which chemical analyses were determined at Research and Development Institute, Woosung Feed Co., Ltd., while the digestibilities were done at the laboratory of Chungnam National University. Aspergillus oryzae culture products were added to compound feed and TMR at the rate of 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0% respectively. The experimental diet with the rumen fluid sampled from Holstein fresian milking cows were used and digested for 24 hrs, 48hrs and 72hrs in the shaking incubator. The residues of the digesta were digested for 48hrs in the incubator in which put 30ml of 0.1N HCl with 0.2% pepsin at $39^{\circ}C$. The final precipitates were dried for 48hrs in the drier at $60^{\circ}C$. These experimental procedures were triplicated to determine the in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude fiber, ADF, NDF, crude protein and pH. Compared to control diet, not added Aspergillus oryzae, the DM digestibility of fungal diets were improved 2.1%(63.1%), 9.7%(68.5%) and 9.0%(68.0%) for 24 hour fermentation in compound feed while 4.8%(60.0%), 6.4%(61.1%) and 2.9%(58.8%) in TMR. On the contrary, for 48 hour and 72 hour digestibilities, the effects of Aspergillus oryzae culture on the digestibility of dry matter were relatively lowered compared to 24 hour digestibility. Referring to the digestibility of dietary fiber, Aspergillus oryzae was believed to significantly improve digestibilities of crude fiber, ADF and NDF. Those were increased up to 13.3%(53.3%) for 24 hour fermentation, while 2.4%(54.6%) for 3.0% added for 72 hour fermentation in compound feed. However, there were no significant differences among the treatments for the inclusion rate of Aspergillus oryzae, even though the more inclusion rate, the better digestibility. The protein digestibilities were significantly improved from 0.4%(79.7%) to 9.4%(71.8%) by adding Aspergillus oryzae into compound feed. However, there were no significant differences between the two experimental diets, 2.0% and 3.0% Aspergillus oryzae included diets. In case of TMR, the protein digestibilities were significantly improved from 4.0%(70.4%) to 6.3%(65.1%) by adding Aspergillus oryzae. However, there were no significant differences between the two experimental diets, 2.0% and 3.0% Aspergillus oryzae included diets. In this study, there were no significant differences among the treatments in pH. On the contrary, there were slightly decrease in pH by adding Aspergillus oryzae into experimental diets but not significant. Summarizing the results of this examination, Aspergillus oryzae fermentation culture is believed to improve the digestibilities of dry matter, fiber and crude protein in cattle diets. However, more detailed research for the mechanism of the fungal culture is required to improve ruminal environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1447-1456
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare perception of school foodservice facilities and utilities in dietitians and school nutrition teachers in the Gyeongnam area between schools that improved foodservice facilities and utilities versus those who did not. From July 23 to Aug 31, 2012, 391 questionnaires were distributed, and 289 questionnaires were obtained. A total of 275 questionnaires were used for the final analysis, excluding improper ones. The results of this study were as follows. First, among 275 schools, 90 schools (32.7%) improved school foodservice facilities and utilities while 175 schools (67.3%) did not. Second, schools with improved facilities had a more well-equipped receiving room (P<0.01), preparation room (P<0.001), dishwashing room (P<0.001), storage room for supplies (P<0.001), rest-room for school foodservice employees (P<0.05), locker room (P<0.01), shower room (P<0.001), laundry room (P<0.001), boiler room (P<0.05), and room for serving cart (P<0.05) than schools with no improvement. Third, total perception score of school foodservice facilities area from schools with improved facilities (1.71) was significantly higher than that (1.60) of school without improvement (P<0.001). Fourth, total satisfaction (3.32) of school foodservice facilities and utilities in school with improved facilities was significantly higher than that (2.62) of schools without improvement (P<0.01). Fifth, schools with improved facilities had a better equipped of floor (P<0.05), entrance (P<0.001), drain (P<0.001), water supply (P<0.01), lighting (P<0.001), hand washing (P<0.001), foodservice management room (P<0.001), locker room (P<0.001), rest-room and shower room (P<0.001), and preparation room (P<0.001) than schools without improvement. However, there was no significant difference in terms of walls and ceilings, windows, ventilation, and storage. In conclusion, school foodservice facilities and utilities improvement should conducted as soon as possible.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2004

Purpose: A new classification of gastrointestinal food allergy was published, but the changes of terminology between previously reported terms and the new ones were in a state of disorder. This has resulted in confusion between medical communication and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The clinical observations of infants presenting with gastrointestinal cow milk allergy (GI-CMA) were performed, and the changes in the terminology reviewed through the published Korean literature. Methods: Between March 2003 and July 2003, data from 37 consecutive infants with GI-CMA, aged 2 weeks to 15 months, were reviewed. The challenge and elimination test of cow milk, and the endoscopic and histologic findings, were used for the seven subdivisions of GI-CMA according to a new classification on the basis of patients' ages, clinical manifestations and location of gastrointestinal lesions. Results: The 37 patients had a mean age of $5.4{\pm}4.8$ months, with those observed in 26 (70.3%) of patients being below 6 months of age. The seven final diagnoses were; cow milk protein-induced enterocolitis (CMPIE) in 12 (32.4%), cow milk protein proctitis (PROC) in 12 (32.4%), IgE-mediated (IGE) in 6 (16.2%), gastroesophageal reflux-associated cow milk allergy (GERA) in 5 (13.5%) and eosinophilic gastroenterocolitis in 2 (5.4%). CMPIE was revealed as the typical type in 7 (18.9%) and the atypical type in 5 (13.5%), and all of typical CMPIE revealed cow milk protein-induced enteropathy. The mean age at symptom onset was $4.3{\pm}0.8$ months, and for those with typical and atypical CMPIE, and PROC and GERA were $3.8{\pm}4.6$, $10.4{\pm}3.8$, $3.4{\pm}3.9$ and $7.8{\pm}5.7$ months, respectively (p<0.05). The period from onset of symptom to diagnosis was $2.4{\pm}3.3$ (0.5~12) months, with those observed in atypical CMPIE and GERA being over 3months. Although the birth weights in all patients were within the 10~90 percentile range, the body weights on diagnoses were below the 3 percentile in 48.6%; IGE 16.7%, EOS 0%, typical CMPIE 85.7%, atypical CMPIE 60.0%, PROC 25.0% and GERA 100% (p<0.05). Through the review of the Korean literature, 8 case reports and 14 original articles for GI-CMA were found. Conclusion: GI-CMA is not a rare clinical disorder and is subdivided into seven categories on the basis of the patient's age, clinical manifestations and location of the gastrointestinal lesions. The terms for GI-CMA are changing with new classifications, and careful approaches are necessary for medical communications.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.75-97
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• 2012

Fostering trusting belief in financial transactions is a challenging task in Internet banking services. Authenticated Certificate had been regarded as an effective method to guarantee the trusting belief for online transactions. However, previous research claimed that this method has some loopholes for such abusers as hackers, who intend to attack the financial accounts of innocent transactors in Internet. Two types of methods have been suggested as alternatives for securing user identification and activity in online financial services. Control transparency uses information over the transaction process to verify and to control the transactions. Outcome feedback, which refers to the specific information about exchange outcomes, provides information over final transaction results. By using these two methods, financial service providers can send signals to involved parties about the robustness of their security mechanisms. These two methods-control transparency and outcome feedback-have been widely used in the IS field to enhance the quality of IS services. In this research, we intend to verify that these two methods can also be used to reduce risks and to increase the security protections in online banking services. The purpose of this paper is to empirically test the effects of the control transparency and the outcome feedback on the risk perceptions in Internet banking services. Our assumption is that these two methods-control transparency and outcome feedback-can reduce perceived risks involved with online financial transactions, while increasing perceived trust over financial service providers. These changes in user attitudes can increase the level of user satisfactions, which may lead to the increased user loyalty as well as users' willingness to pay for the financial transactions. Previous research in IS suggested that the increased level of transparency on the process and the result of transactions can enhance the information quality and decision quality of IS users. Transparency helps IS users to acquire the information needed to control the transaction counterpart and thus to complete transaction successfully. It is also argued that transparency can reduce the perceived transaction risks in IS usage. Many IS researchers also argued that the trust can be generated by the institutional mechanisms. Trusting belief refers to the truster's belief for the trustee to have attributes for being beneficial to the truster. Institution-based trust plays an important role to enhance the probability of achieving a successful outcome. When a transactor regards the conditions crucial for the transaction success, he or she considers the condition providers as trustful, and thus eventually trust the others involved with such condition providers. In this process, transparency helps the transactor complete the transaction successfully. Through the investigation of these studies, we expect that the control transparency and outcome feedback can reduce the risk perception on transaction and enhance the trust with the service provider. Based on a theoretical framework of transparency and institution-based trust, we propose and test a research model by evaluating research hypotheses. We have conducted a laboratory experiment in order to validate our research model. Since the transparency artifact(control transparency and outcome feedback) is not yet adopted in online banking services, the general survey method could not be employed to verify our research model. We collected data from 138 experiment subjects who had experiences with online banking services. PLS is used to analyze the experiment data. The measurement model confirms that our data set has appropriate convergent and discriminant validity. The results of testing the structural model indicate that control transparency significantly enhances the trust and significantly reduces the risk perception of online banking users. The result also suggested that the outcome feedback significantly enhances the trust of users. We have found that the reduced risk and the increased trust level significantly improve the level of service satisfaction. The increased satisfaction finally leads to the increased loyalty and willingness to pay for the financial services.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.267-276
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cryoprotectants (sugar, sorbitol, polyphosphate) on the physico-chemical characteristics of chicken breast surimi manufactured by pH adjustment (pH 11.0) during freezing storage. The final surimi was divided into experimental units to which the following treatments were randomly assigned: C (Alaska pollack surimi: two washings, 4% sugar +5% sorbitol ${\pounds}'$ 0.3% polyphosphate additive): T1 (chicken breast surimi: pH 11.0 adjusted, 0.3% polyphosphate additive): T2 (chicken breast surimi pH 11.0 adjusted, 5% sorbitol +0.3% polyphosphate additive); T3 (chicken breast surimi: pH 11.0 adjusted, 4% sugar +5% sorbitol +0.3% polyphosphate additive). The crude protein content of the control was higher than all treated samples, however the moisture, crude fat and crude ash of T3 were higher than the control (p<0.05). The pH, WHC and collagen content of the control were higher than all of the treated samples, and these values decreased with storage time for all treatments and the control (p<0.05). The cholesterol content of the control was lower than all treated samples, but the myofibrillar protein contents of all treated samples were higher than the control (p<0.05). The cooking loss of T2 was lower than the control and the other two treatments (p<0.05). The $L^*,\;a^*\;and\;b^*$ values of all treated samples were higher than those of the control during freezing storage (p<0.05). The W value of T3 at 1.5 and 3 months of freezing storage was higher than the control and T1 (p<0.05). The myoglobin and met-Mb contents of the control were similar to all treated samples, and the met-Mb content of the control and all treated samples increased with storage time (p<0.05). Immediately after freezing, the hardness of the control was higher than all treated samples, however it was lower after 1.5 and 3 months of frozen storage (p<0.05). The cohesiveness and gumminess of the control were higher than all treated samples immediately after freezing, however the values for T3 were higher than those of the control and the other two treatments during frozen storage for 1.5 and 3 months (p<0.05).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2008

Purpose: Resonance Frequency Analysis(RFA) technique can be used as an effective method in measuring the implant stability and documenting the clinical results. This technique also determines how stable the implant is before performing a prosthetic practice. Having become one the guidelines of the implant therapy whose final objective is the immediate loading, the $Osstell^{TM}$ mentor is giving a lot of information to the clinicians recently. In this communication, experiments were performed to investigate how reliable the measured ISQ values by $Osstell^{TM}$ mentor are, and to see if those are also stable even after sterilization. As five objectives: 1) How stable measured ISQ values after fixation $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ for 400 times. 2) How stable measured ISQ values after 'attach-detach'$Smartpeg^{TM}'s$ for 400 times. 3) How stable measured ISQ values after clinical sterilization methods. 4) How stable measured ISQ values after repeatedly sterilization in autoclave for 10 times. 5) What is the critical temperature which is lost the magnetism of $Smartpeg^{TM}$. Materials and Methods: Clinical sterilization methods(Autoclave sterilization, Dentistar sterilization, Ultra violet sterilization, Vacuum dry unit sterilization, Boiling water sterilization, combined $H_{2}O_{2}$ and Alcohol sterilization).$Smartpeg^{TM}s$. D3 Block bone($3{\times}9{\times}2cm$). Osstem implant(${\emptyset}4.1$-10mm).$Osstell^{TM}$ mentor. Individual experiment was used 8 number of $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ and they had measured to ISQ values of before experiment and after experiment. Results: 1. The measured ISQ values did not change after fixation $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ for 400 times. 2. There was no significant changes in the measured ISQ values of 'attach-detach $Smartpeg^{TM}s'$ for 400 times. 3. The measured ISQ values did not change after the usual clinical sterilization methods. 4. The measured ISQ values did not change after sterilization in autoclave for 10 times. 5. It was impossible to exactly measure the critical temperature which is lost the magnetism of $Smartpeg^{TM}s$. But, the results was resulted to lost its magnetism in higher temperature than $150^{\circ}C$/10 minute. Conclusion: The measured ISQ values showed insignificant differences in case of no changes in the magnetism of the $Smartpeg^{TM}s$. It seems that the $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ can be used repeatedly in every measurement if the original magnetisms of the $Smartpeg^{TM}s$ can be recognized. There seems to be no significant changes in the measured ISQ values of 'attach-detach $Smartpeg^{TM}s'$ only if the screw pitches were unimpaired. The clinical sterilization methods seems acceptable because the result was resulted to lost its magnetism in higher temperature than $150^{\circ}C$/10minute.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.25-42
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• 1996

The study has been conducted to know an appropriate feeding strategy and effects of the rearing density on larval growth of the rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. The results obtained are as fellowed ; 1. Thirty-day-old larvae reached at $25.25{\pm}3.76$ mm in total length and $0.23{\pm}0.07$ g in body weight in experiment A, at which rotifer was provided from the beginning to the end of 30-day experiment, Anemia from 3th to 18th day, and artificial feed from 13th to 30th day after hatching. When rotifer was provided for 30 days, Artemia from 6th to 18th day, and artificial feed from 18th to 30th day after hatching (experiment B), these larvae grew up to $27.52{\pm}2.50$ mm in total length and $0.26{\pm}0.06$ g in body weight. On the other hand, when rotifer and artificial feed were supplied with the same time schedule as shown in experiment B, and Artemia was feed from 6th to 30th day after hatching (experiment C), the total length and body weight of those larvae were $23.22{\pm}3.44$ mm and $0.15{\pm}0.05$ g, respectively. The best result for larval growth was obtained from experiment B. The survival rates estimated were $57.6\%$ in experiment A, $66.4\%$ in experiment B, and $44.4\%$ in experiment C. 2. The growth in total length of the larvae according to their rearing days could be represented by the following equations : Experiment A : Y=4.350+0.116X+$1.887X^2$ (r=0.993) Experiment B : Y=4.500+8.931X+$2.221X^2$ (r=0.994) Experiment C : Y=4.478+5.734X+$1.881X^2$(r=0.990) The average number of Artemia nauplius intaken by the larvae was rapidly increased between 15th and 20th day afer hatching, and 9, 212, 242, 750, and 1,171 nauplius were found in the different sizes of larvae, whose total length were 5.65, 6.81, 9.45, 14.96, and 24.52 mm, respectively. 3. Larval growth in total length and body weight reared at four different densites (A: 1.8 $kg/m^3$, B; 4.0 $kg/m^3$, C; 5.0 $kg/m^3$, D; 6.2 $kg/m^3$) indicated that the best growth was found in experiment A, at which the larval were reared at the lower density and the final survival rates extimated were $92.9\%$ in exp. A, $99.5\%$ in exp. C, $89.0\%$ in exp. B, and $88.2\%$ in exp. D. The amount of production per cubic meter turned out to be 30.45 kg in exp. D, 25.89 kg in exp. C, 20.75 kg in exp. B and 10.48 kg in exp. A. therefore, considering both larval growth and survival rate, higher yields seemed to be attainable at the relatively high-rearing density.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.147-168
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• 2017

There have been many studies on accurate stock market forecasting in academia for a long time, and now there are also various forecasting models using various techniques. Recently, many attempts have been made to predict the stock index using various machine learning methods including Deep Learning. Although the fundamental analysis and the technical analysis method are used for the analysis of the traditional stock investment transaction, the technical analysis method is more useful for the application of the short-term transaction prediction or statistical and mathematical techniques. Most of the studies that have been conducted using these technical indicators have studied the model of predicting stock prices by binary classification - rising or falling - of stock market fluctuations in the future market (usually next trading day). However, it is also true that this binary classification has many unfavorable aspects in predicting trends, identifying trading signals, or signaling portfolio rebalancing. In this study, we try to predict the stock index by expanding the stock index trend (upward trend, boxed, downward trend) to the multiple classification system in the existing binary index method. In order to solve this multi-classification problem, a technique such as Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis (MLOGIT), Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) or Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) we propose an optimization model using Genetic Algorithm as a wrapper for improving the performance of this model using Multi-classification Support Vector Machines (MSVM), which has proved to be superior in prediction performance. In particular, the proposed model named GA-MSVM is designed to maximize model performance by optimizing not only the kernel function parameters of MSVM, but also the optimal selection of input variables (feature selection) as well as instance selection. In order to verify the performance of the proposed model, we applied the proposed method to the real data. The results show that the proposed method is more effective than the conventional multivariate SVM, which has been known to show the best prediction performance up to now, as well as existing artificial intelligence / data mining techniques such as MDA, MLOGIT, CBR, and it is confirmed that the prediction performance is better than this. Especially, it has been confirmed that the 'instance selection' plays a very important role in predicting the stock index trend, and it is confirmed that the improvement effect of the model is more important than other factors. To verify the usefulness of GA-MSVM, we applied it to Korea's real KOSPI200 stock index trend forecast. Our research is primarily aimed at predicting trend segments to capture signal acquisition or short-term trend transition points. The experimental data set includes technical indicators such as the price and volatility index (2004 ~ 2017) and macroeconomic data (interest rate, exchange rate, S&P 500, etc.) of KOSPI200 stock index in Korea. Using a variety of statistical methods including one-way ANOVA and stepwise MDA, 15 indicators were selected as candidate independent variables. The dependent variable, trend classification, was classified into three states: 1 (upward trend), 0 (boxed), and -1 (downward trend). 70% of the total data for each class was used for training and the remaining 30% was used for verifying. To verify the performance of the proposed model, several comparative model experiments such as MDA, MLOGIT, CBR, ANN and MSVM were conducted. MSVM has adopted the One-Against-One (OAO) approach, which is known as the most accurate approach among the various MSVM approaches. Although there are some limitations, the final experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model, GA-MSVM, performs at a significantly higher level than all comparative models.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.3625-3628
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate the incidence, diagnosis and management of GTN among 28 centers in Turkey. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was designed to include GTN patients attending 28 centers in the 10-year period between January 2003 and May 2013. Demographical characteristics of the patients, histopathological diagnosis, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) anatomical and prognostic scores, use of single-agent and multi-agent chemotherapy, surgical interventions and prognosis were evaluated. Results: From 2003-2013, there were 1,173,235 deliveries and 456 GTN cases at the 28 centers. The incidence was calculated to be 0.38 per 1,000 deliveries. According to the evaluated data of 364 patients, the median age at diagnosis was 31 years (range, 15-59 years). A histopathological diagnosis was present for 45.1% of the patients, and invasive mole, choriocarcinoma and PSTTs were diagnosed in 22.3% (n=81), 18.1% (n=66) and 4.7% (n=17) of the patients, respectively. Regarding final prognosis, 352 (96.7%) of the patients had remission, and 7 (1.9%) had persistence, whereas the disease was mortal for 5 (1.4%) of the patients. Conclusions: Because of the differences between countries, it is important to provide national registration systems and special clinics for the accurate diagnosis and treatment of GTN.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.57-94
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• 2011

Nowadays, it is common that most consumers are purchasing goods in e-stores. The e-stores eager to attract, revisit, retain, and finally convert them into loyal customers. The e-store marketers have planned and executed numerous marketing efforts. As one of the marketing activities, e-store managers attempt to build web sites that meet customers' functional and psychological needs. A wide array of studies has been done to identify factors that could affect customers' response of web sites. Majority of studies were conducted to verify technology-related and functional variables of the website which facilitate transactions and enhance customer responses such as purchase intention and website loyalty. However, there has been little research on the external cues of website and psychological variables of consumer that could have positive influences on customer response. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of e-store personality on e-store loyalty through mediating variables such as e-store identification, e-store trust, and e-store engagement. The authors of this study develop the model and set up the six main hypotheses and a set of sub-hypotheses based on a literature review, shown in