• 설비공학논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2001

A study has been conducted to investigate the effect of the heat transfer surface position in the range of dropwise condensation, filmwise condensation, and glacial condensation. For dropwise condensation promoter, the heat transfer surface was evaporated by gold. As a result, heat transfer rate is almost same where the position of heat transfer surface is between 45 and 135 degree. It is found that heat transfer rate was reduced as subcooled degree was increased. And it is also found that if the subcooled degree becomes lower, the position of heat transfer surface is more effective. Adversely, if the subcooled degree becomes higher, the effectiveness of surface position is getting relatively lower. Regardless of the position, the transition temperatures from dropwise condensation to filmwise condensation is in the vicinity of 80K.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2000

A theoretical model for laminar filmwise condensation along an isothermal vertical wall at constant pressure has been formulated on the basis of conservation laws and other fundamental physical principles. The model was applied to the prediction of the influences of variable thermophysical properties of liquid and vapor layers in the filmwise condensation of superheated vapor of Rl2, R134a, R142b and R152a. The dimensionless velocity component method was employed in the transformation of the governing equations and their boundary conditions, and the polynomial method was used for treating variable thermophysical properties of liquid and vapor. Physical quantities, such as the dimensionless thickness of the liquid layer, local heat transfer rate and mean heat transfer coefficient, were investigated for different values of the superheated temperature of the stagnant vapor far from the wall. It was found that the value of mean heat transfer coefficient of R134a was higher than other refrigerants for the change of the superheated temperature.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.84-94
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• 2019

Aluminum substrates are irradiated with chromium ions and the steam condensation heat transfer performance on these surfaces is examined. Filmwise condensation is induced on the surface of aluminum specimens irradiated with chromium ion dose of less than $10^{16}ions/cm^2$ while dropwise condensation occurs on the specimens irradiated with chromium ion dose of $5{\times}10^{16}ions/cm^2$ in the range of ion energy from 70 to 100 keV. The heat transfer coefficient of the surfaces on which dropwise condensation occurs appeared to be approximately twice as much as the prediction by Nusselt's film theory. In a durability test, dropwise condensation lasts over six months and the heat transfer coefficient is also maintained.

• 대한설비공학회지:설비저널
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.188-195
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• 1986

Condensation heat transfer can be classified in dropwise condensation and filmwise condensation, and for the industrial purpose, the former is more useful than the latter because of the higher heat transfer rate. But it is difficult to maintain the dropwise condensation continuously since most of the metal surfaces become wetted after exposure to a condensing vapor over an extended period of time. To maintain dropwise condensation continuously , various surface coatings and promoters have been used recently, but these methods must be reconsidered about the durability of condensing surface. Therefore, in this study, evaporating method of various pure metals on the condensing surface has been performed to maintain dropwise condensation. The results have showed that the heat transfer rate of silver evaporating surface is higher than any other metal evaporating in dropwise area. Transition temperature and filmwise condensation curves are uniform regardless of kinds of evaporating metals.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 1985

가압 경수로의 소형 냉각재 사고시 증기 발생기 U-자관 내에서의 억류 응축 현상(reflux condensation phenomena)은 주요한 열제거 수단이 된다. 열제거 Mechanism이 순수히 역류 응축 현상에 의 할 때, 증기 발생기의 열제거 능력을 평가하기 위하여 원자로 증기 발생기의 U-자관을 모사하는 두개의 U-자 관을 가진 증기응축 장치를 제작하여 다음 두 가지의 실험을 수행하였다. 첫째로, U-자관속에서 역류 응축 현상이 일어날 때 증기의 유입량을 증가시켜 가면서 역류 응축이 일어나는 액체 막 길이 (filmwise reflux condensation length)를 측정하였다. 둘째로는 길이가 다른 두 개의 U-자관에 증기만을 유입시킬 때와 증기와 공기를 동시에 유입시킬 때에 대한 Flooding Point를 측정하여 U-자관의 길이와 비응축성 가스가 Flooding Point에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그리고 수학적 모델을 이용한 이론적 측정값과 실험 Data를 비교하였다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.621-627
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• 2017

Nitrogen ion with various levels of dose and irradiation energy was irradiated on aluminum surfaces. Contact angle of surface was increased and surface color was changed by nitrogen ion implantation. During steam condensation experiment using nitrogen ion implanted specimen, dropwise condensation initially occurred on specimens. However, condensation mode eventually changed into filmwise condensation. The color of the surface was also changed from yellow-brown to silver-white. This change of surface color and condensation mode were results of hydrolysis reaction between condensate and nitrogen ion implanted on aluminum surfaces.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 1995

A theoretical model for film condensation of a vapor including a relatively lighter noncondensable gas on a horizontal tube has been formulated on the basis of the conservation laws and other fundamental physical principles. The model is applied to the prediction of the condensation heat transfer characteristics for the Freon vapor in the presence of air on a horizontal tube. Calculated results for the mean heat transfer coefficient, which is shown to depend strongly on the bulk concentration of air, are in good agreement with the available experimental results for a range of operating conditions. The distributions of physical quantities along the surface of tube are also calculated, such as the boundary layer thickness and local heat transfer coefficient. The present model is readily reduced to the Nusselt model as the bulk concentration of air decreases to zero. Therefore, the transition from the condensation of pure vapor to that of vapor-air mixture occurs continuously not abruptly.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.517-524
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• 2018

본 연구의 목표는 수평 관외 초소수성 튜브에서 비응축가스(NCG)의 영향을 관찰하고, 이를 일반 알루미늄 튜브의 응축 현상과 비교하는 것이다. 초소수성 튜브 제작을 위해 Self-Assembled Monolayer(SAM) 코팅으로 알루미늄 튜브의 외부를 표면개질 했다. 응축 성능을 나타내기 위해 총합 열전달계수를 사용하였고, 이 값으로 응축 성능을 비교 검토하였다. 본 연구의 주요 변수는 비응축가스 질량 분율로, 0.08에서 0.45의 범위에서 실험을 진행하였다. 응축 실험을 통해 비응축가스 질량 분율이 낮아질수록 응축 성능이 SAM 튜브와 일반 튜브에서 모두 향상되는 것을 확인했다. SAM 튜브에서 적응축 열전달 성능은 일반 튜브 대비하여 평균 약 1.9배에서 2.5배 정도 큰 것을 관찰하였다. SAM 튜브에서 비응축가스 질량 분율이 낮아지면서 응축 성능 상승폭이 감소하게 되는데, 이는 Flooded 응축 현상이 발현되었기 때문이다. 응축이 더 활발하게 진행되면 SAM 튜브에서 막응축이 일어나는 것을 관찰하였고, 이 때 성능은 일반 알루미늄 튜브보다도 저하된 성능을 보였다. SAM 알루미늄 튜브에서 Flooded 응축과 막응축이 일어나는 원인으로 표면에서의 Pinning 효과를 이용하여 설명하였다. 결론적으로, SAM 튜브를 실제 응축기에 적용해 표면개질로 인한 응축 성능 개선 효과를 얻기 위해서는 적응축 또는 Flooded 응축이 일어나는 조건으로 응축기 내 환경 조성을 해야 한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.567-578
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• 2015

In a nuclear reactor containment, wall condensation forms with noncondensable gases and their accumulation near the condensate film leads to a significant reduction in heat transfer. In the framework of nuclear reactor safety, the film condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases is of high relevance with regards to safety concerns as it is closely associated with peak pressure predictions for containment integrity and the performance of components installed for containment cooling in accident conditions. In the present study, CUPID code, which has been developed by KAERI for the analysis of transient two-phase flows in nuclear reactor components, is improved for simulating film condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases. In order to evaluate the condensate heat transfer accurately in a large system using the two-fluid model, a mass diffusion model, a liquid film model, and a wall film condensation model were implemented into CUPID. For the condensation simulation, a wall function approach with a heat/mass transfer analogy was applied in order to save computational time without considerable refinement for the boundary layer. This paper presents the implemented wall film condensation model, and then introduces the simulation result using the improved CUPID for a conceptual condensation problem in a large system.

• 오토저널
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 1980

Two phase boundary layer equations of laminar filmwise condensation are solved by an approximate integral method under the following condition; saturated vapour flows vertically downward over a cooled surface of uniform temperature, the condensate film is so thin that the inertia and convection terms are neglected. The following conclusions are drawn under the above assumptions. 1. free convection In case of the linear temperature profile in a liquid film, numerical results for the average coefficients of heat transfer may be expressed as N $u_{m}$=4/3,(G $r_{l}$ /4.H)$^{1}$4/ and in case of the quadratic profile, numerical results may be expressed as N $u_{m}$=2/1.682,(G $r_{l}$ /H)$^{1}$4/. 2. Forced convection When the temperature profile is assumed to be linear in a liquid film, numerical results fir the average heat transfer coefficients may be expressed as N $u_{m}$=(A, R $e_{l}$ /H)$^{1}$2/. This expression is compared with the experimental results hitherto reported; For theoretical Nusselt number (N $u_{m}$)$_{th}$<2*10$^{4}$, the experimental Nusselt number (N $u_{m}$)$_{exp}$ is on the average larger than theoretical Nusselt number (N $u_{m}$)$_{th}$ by 30%. For (N $u_{m}$)$_{th}$>2*10$^{4}$, experimental Nusselt number (N $u_{m}$)$_{exp}$ is about 1.6 times as large as theoretical Nusselt number (N $u_{m}$)$_{th}$. These large deviation may be caused by the presence of turbulence in the liquid film. In case of the quadratic temperature profile in a liquid film, numerical results for the average coefficients of heat transfer may be expressed as N $u_{m}$'=(2,A,Re/H)$^{1}$2/. This formular shows that theoretical Nusselt number (N $u_{m}$)$_{th}$ is larger than experimental Nusselt number (N $u_{m}$)$_{exp}$ by 60%. It is speculated that when the temperature difference between cooled surface and saturated vapour is small, temperature profile in a liquid film is quadratic.quadratic.. quadratic.quadratic..atic..