• 대한전자공학회논문지SP
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 영상의 밝기 값을 마치 3차원 지형과 같은 개념으로 간주하여 여기에 물이 흐르는 개념을 적용하여 국부 적응 (locally adaptive) thresholding 방법을 제안하였다. 문자를 추출해내기 위해 제안한 방법에서는 지형 표면에 물을 붓는 과정을 수행하였다. 물은 지형의 낮은 곳으로 흐르게 되어 계곡 (valley)에 쌓인다. 이때 문자와 배경으로 구성된 문서영상에서 쌓인 물의 양을 기준으로 두 개의 영역을 구분을 하였다. 제안한 water flow model의 개념을 적용한 threholding 방법은 국부 적응 thresholding의 특성을 나타낸다. 합성 영상과 실제 영상을 이용하여 전산 모의 실험을 수행함으로써 제안한 방법이 문서 영상을 효과적으로 이진화할 수 있음을 보였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.675-684
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• 2000

A novel dry and wet deposition collector, which can overcome the several problems such as water evaporation cartridge cracks and high costs founded in the previous collector systems, has been constructed. ENVI-18 SPE adsorption cartridge has been used to measure atmospheric deposition of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A surrogate surface, consisted of water and methanol, was filled in the dry deposition funnel to simulate dry deposition onto water surface. A water supply system in order to compensat evaporation of the surrogate surface was used and it was consisted of a piston pump, a tubing pump, a overflow tube and a chamber system. A novel water vaporizing system to supply water onto the wet SPE cartridge system with a constant flow rate was developed. The novel water vaporizing system, consisted of a vacuum pump, a water supply reserviour and tube and a mini space heater, could prevent the PAHs adsorption cartridge cracks occurred in the previous collector and effectively adsorb PAHs. The novel dry and wet deposition collector showed a good adsorption, desorption, and recovery rates of PAHs. By reducing the number of pumps used and employing polypyopylene (PP) instead of teflon as a material of collection funnel, the total construction costs were much reduced as compared with the previous dry and wet deposition collectors.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제45권11호
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• pp.750-754
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• 2008

The artificial aggregates with dense surface layer (shell) was fabricated and the dependence of water emission rate upon the shell structures was studied. The EAF dust containing many flux components and waste white clay with ignition loss of above 48% were used as for liquid phase and gas forming agents during a sintering process respectively. In addition, the shell structure was modified with various processes and the modification effect on water emission rate was analyzed. The pores under $10{\mu}m$ were found in the sintered artificial light aggregates and disappeared by incorporating to a bigger pore during re-sintering. The water emission rate in an initial step depended on a void content of aggregates filled in a bottle rather than a shell structure. But, after 7 days where the water emission of the aggregate with a shell is above 40%, the shell of aggregates suppressed the water emission. The core of aggregates was exposed and most shell was lost when crushed to smaller size so, the ability for suppressing water emission of the crushed aggregates decreased. The activation energy for the water emission was $3.46{\pm}0.25{\times}10^{-1}$J/mol for the most specimens showing that the activation energy is irrelevant to the pore size distribution and shell structure.

• 분석과학
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.429-434
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 마이크로 크기의 입자(안료, 대기입자, 등)를 수집과 동시에 물에 분산된 상태로 분획가능한 장치를 개발하였다. 이 장치에서는 물을 넣은 입자수집용 실린더 세 개를 직렬로 연결하여 공기를 통과하게 하였다. 그럼으로써 크기가 다른 입자들이 다른 실린더에 모아지도록 하였고, 수집과 동시에 분획이 가능하도록 하였다. 이 장치의 중요한 특징은 막필터(membrane filter)를 사용하지 않는다는 점이다. 즉, 필터를 사용하지 않고 마이크로 크기의 입자를 직접 시료 수집용 실린더에 수집되도록 하였다. 또한 수집된 시료는 수집되는 동안 물에 분산된 상태로 장치 내에서 동시분획이 가능하다. 이 장치를 에어본 입자의 수집에 응용하였다. 수집된 에어본 입자는 침강 장-흐름 분획법(sedimentation field-flow fractionation, SdFFF)을 이용하여 입자 크기별로 분획하였고, 광학현미경(optical microscopy, OM)을 이용하여 입자 크기와 모양을 관찰하였다. 또한 AAS와 ICP-AES를 이용하여 에어본 입자들의 조성을 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 개발한 입자 수집 및 분획장치는 다양한 종류의 입자의 수집 및 크기분포 분석에 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.271-280
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• 2000

This study was conducted to determine the applicable loading rate and to evaluate the possibility of using limestones as an alkalinity source for the removal of ${NO_3}^{-}-N$ remaining after denitrification/nitrification process with the down-flow sulfur packed bed reactor(SPBR). The pretreated sewage was fed to SPBR. Three SPBRs were filled with elemental sulfur particles and limestones and the volumetric ratios of sulfur to limestone were 0%, 12.5% and 25% for R-0%, R-12.5% and R-25%, respectively. The applicable loading rate was evaluated increasing flow rate with influent ${NO_3}^{-}-N$ concentration of 20 mg/L. For R-0% with external alkalinity supply, denitrification efficiency was greater than 96% up to loading rate of $354.8g\;{NO_3}^{-}-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, and corresponding EBCT was 1.4hr. For R-12.5% and R-25%, where alkalinity was supplied by the limestone filled in the reactor, denitrification efficiency was greater than 94% up to loading rate of $283.8g\;{NO_3}^{-}-N/m^3{\cdot}day$, and corresponding EBCT was 1.7hr. The slightly better performance of R-12.5 compared to R-25 suggests that the volumetric sulfur to limestone ratio of 12.5% was enough for the supply of alkalinity required for sulfur-utilizing denitrification. DO was appeared not showing inhibitory effect on sulfur-utilizing denitrification. The clogging of SPBR caused by the produced gas can effectively be eliminated by regular introduction of treated water in up-flow mode.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.85-96
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 채움모듈 형태에 따른 준설토의 퇴적분포와 튜브 형상 그리고 토목섬유 튜브의 수침조건에 따른 튜브 내 준설토의 콘 관입 저항특성을 규명하고자 일련의 시험을 수행하였다. 채움모듈 형태에 따른 아크릴 토조와 비닐 튜브 준설토의 퇴적분포를 관찰한 결과 I형 채움모듈은 분화구형상을 나타내고 역T형 채움모듈은 수평방향으로 균등하게 준설토가 퇴적되는 것으로 나타났다. 새만금 내부로부터 채취한 준설토의 채움 단계 별 튜브의 변형은 튜브로부터 배수가 종료됨과 거의 동시에 튜브의 변형이 수렴되고, 토목섬유 튜브 내 준설토의 콘 저항치는 배수의 경우가 수침 보다 2~6배정도 크게 나타났다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1082-1096
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine laundry behavior according to the number of households and the type of washing machine that each household used. The data was obtained from questionnaires filled out by 417 households, which included college students living in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. The results of this study are as follows: first, according to the results of survey about the number of household members and type of washing machine that household had, one or two-person households accounted for 24.0%. Regarding the type of washing machine that each household used, there were more drum washers. In households comprised of three or more persons, a higher percentage had a machine with a pulsator. Second, with regard to the method of classifying the wash in doing the laundry, all families classified the wash according to color and textile material. Third, with regard to the amount of detergent in doing the laundry, 63.5% of households used the recommended amount of detergent while 28.3% of households used more detergent than the recommended amount. Fourth, with regard to the set temperature of water in doing the laundry, 36.2% of households used cold water; this was the highest percentage. Fifth, with regard to input sequence in doing the laundry, most households put the wash in the machine in advance, and then filled the washer with water; 56.1% of households added a rinsing process for all washing processes.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.240-246
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• 1985

사질답(砂質畓)의 토양개량제(土壤改良劑)로서 사용(使用)할 Zeolite의 최적(最適) 입도(粒度)를 알아보기 위한 기초실험으로서 입경(粒徑)이 다른 모래의 column에 입경별(粒徑別) Zeolite를 시용(施用)하여 Zeolite 이동(移動)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 0.1mm이상(以上) 크기의 Zeolite입자(粒子)는 96시간(時間) 투수(透水)하여도 수직이동(垂直移動)은 거의 없었다. 0.1mm이하(以下) 크기의 Zeolite입자(粒子)는 96시간(時間) 투수(透水)함으로 2~1, 1~0.5, 0.5~0.25mm sand column에서 각각 85.7, 32.64, 25.50% 이동(移動)하였다. 공극크기 측면만을 고려한 대하천 주위의 사질답(砂質畓)에 적합한 Zeolite입자(粒子)는 0.25~0.1mm fraction으로 추정되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2021

On the assessment results of the non-point source pollutant removability of bio-block using waste sewage sludge, at the reactor's initial operation stage, the removal efficiency of COD was slightly unstable. However, after the reactor was stabilized, the COD removal efficiency was higher in the reactor filled with bio-blocks compared to the reactor filled with broken stones. In terms of nitrogen and phosphorus, their removal efficiency was unstable at the initial stage of the reactor operation. This phenomenon was investigated through the bio-block elution experiments. Results indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus were eluted from the bio-blocks affecting their removal at the initial operation. Furthermore, based on elution tests conducted after the dry ashing of the waste sewage sludge, part of the nitrogen and phosphorus was eluted similar to the bio-block elution test results, although considerable amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus were reduced compared to the sludge cake. Prior to the use of the waste sewage sludge bio-blocks as a filter medium to remove non-point source pollutants, a stabilization period of 10 days was required. After the stabilization process, results showed similar characteristics as general aggregates. Moreover, to use the bio-block as a filter medium for the non-point pollutant removal, the filling ratio of 75% was the most suitable as it resulted in the highest nitrogen removal efficiency after the stabilization. The results of this study suggested that waste sewage sludge can be suitably recycled as a mixed raw material for the bio-blocks, with satisfactory application as a filter medium in artificial wetlands, stormwater runoff problems, stream water pollutants to eliminate non-point source pollutants.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.554-565
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• 2021

Air bubble entrainment is a phenomenon that can significantly reduce the efficiency of liquid motion in piping systems. In the present study, the bubble formation mechanism in a globe valve with 90% water fraction flow is explained by visualization study and pressure oscillation analysis. The shadowgraph imaging technique is applied to illustrate the unsteady flow inside the transparent valve. This helps to study the effect of bubbles induced by the globe valve on pressure distribution and valve flow coefficient. International Society of Automation (ISA) recommends locations for measuring pressure drop of the valve to determine its flow coefficient. This paper presents the comparison of the pressures at different locations along with the upstream and the downstream of the valve with the values at recommended positions by the ISA standard. The results show that in partially filled pipe flow, the discrepancies in pressure between different measurement locations in the valve downstream are significant at valve openings less than 30%. The aerated flow induces the oscillation in pressure and flow rate, which leads to the fluctuation in the flow coefficient of the valve. The flow coefficients have a linear relationship with the Reynolds number. For the same increase of Reynolds number, the flow coefficients grow faster with larger valve openings and level off at the opening of 50%.