• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.258-277
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• 2020

제주의 관덕정은 군병들의 활터로 '활쏘기'는 물론 '말 타면서 활쏘기', '전쟁의 진법'까지 훈련하여 상무 정신을 고취시키고, 전쟁 대비를 위해 무예를 연마할 목적으로 1448년에 건립되었다. 또한 제주에서 유일하게 대규모 인원이 운집할 수 있는 넓은 공간으로 각종 연회나 관아의 공식적인 업무를 수행하였으며, '관덕풍림'과 같이 계절의 정취와 자연의 운치를 향유하는 장소였다. 이러한 장소성과 건축적 의미가 큰 관덕정이 17세기 건물의 형태를 보존하고 있기에 건물 상인방 4면의 5가지 그림이 조선 후기의 그림으로 잘못 알려져 왔다. 관덕정은 10여 차례 이상의 수리와 중수를 거쳤기에 벽화가 구체적으로 언제 처음 그려졌는지 알 수는 없다. 다만 현재의 벽화원형은(1976년 모사본 기준) 벽화의 도상과 양식으로 추정해보면 1850년(철종1) 재건, 1882년(고종19) 중수, 1924년 도사(島司) 전전선차(前田善次)의 보수, 1969년 10번째 중수 때로 요약할 수 있다. 이 글에서는 먼저 벽화 도상을 분석하여 제작 시기를 규명하고자 하였다. 즉, 최초 <호렵도>가 18세기 이후 그려지기 시작한 점을 비롯하여 삼국지의 유명 화제인 <적벽대전>이나 한나라 때의 은일자를 그린 <상산사호>, 당나라 시인 두목의 이야기인 <취과양주귤만거>와 같은 고사인물도의 유행과 민화풍의 <십장생도> 등의 주제는 물론 그림의 구성, 인물의 무기와 복식, 산수 표현과 채색, 필법 같은 세부적인 사항도 관덕정의 벽화가 19세기 말경에서 20세기 전반기에 그려진 작품임을 방증한다. 또한 당시 화단에서 유행하던 회화 주제나 양식과 관련이 깊어 1850년이나 1882년에 제작된 벽화가 1924년 보수와 1969년 중수를 거치면서도 벽화의 기존 내용과 형태를 보존·유지하였을 가능성이 있다. 다음으로 관덕정의 벽화 주제나 구성 방식은 군사훈련이라는 건물의 목적과 기능에 적합하게 건물 중앙 좌우에 파노라마 형식으로 <적벽대전>, <호렵도>를 구성하고, 바깥쪽으로는 감계적이고 교훈적인 내용으로 제주의 관리가 지녀야 할 덕목인 은일과 입조 등 유교의 이상적 인간상을 비유적으로 묘사한 <상산사호도>나 <취과양주귤만거>의 고사 인물도를 구성했다는 것이다. 또한 신선 사상과 장수를 상징하며, 궁중 행사나 장식화로 쓰이던 주제가 민간으로 확장되어 길상·벽사 기능이 강화된 <십장생도>를 표현하였는데, 이는 당인들의 지향을 반영하기 위해 전체적인 벽화 주제와 구성을 선택적으로 사용했음을 알 수 있다. 특히 벽화의 산수가 제주의 명산인 '한라산'이라는 점, 높고 낮은 오름, 현무암 자연석 돌담 표현, 수많은 고사 중에 제주의 진상품이자 특산품인 '귤'을 주제로 한 두목의 고사를 채택하여 시각화한 점, 백록담의 흰 사슴 전설의 응용, 제사를 중시하는 유가적 관습이 남병산의 제사 장면으로 표현된 것 등은 모두 제주의 풍속과 자연환경, 생활상의 일부를 반영하는 그림이라고 설명할 수 있겠다.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.61-77
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• 2019

Following the introduction of Buddhism to China by Xuanzang (玄奘 602-664), the visual tradition of an itinerant monk became a popular subject. This theme developed into a Buddhist figure with an accompanying tiger, especially in Korea where tigers were an object of worship and ritual. This paper examines Korean examples of post-itinerant monk Buddhist figures accompanied by tigers, in particular the portrayal of itinerant monks as arhats and sansins. The supernatural powers of arhats were diverse, and they often tamed the tigers who then accompanied them on their journeys. The arhat, who was introduced during the Unified Silla period and gained popularity during the Goryeo period, was loved by the general public during the Joseon Dynasty as a familiar presence that brought good fortune. Special portraits of monks accompanied by a tiger, known as sansindo (山神圖), form a unique Korean genre. Sansin religious beliefs formed through a fusion of the newly introduced Buddhism and the age-old indigenous worship of sacred mountains and tigers. Most Buddhist temples include a sansin shrine containing on altar with sansin statues and portraits. Tigers in the portraits of itinerant monks and the stories of Buddhist monks who tamed tigers became famous and widely accepted in Korea, a nation already rich in tiger lore. Folklore and indigenous shamanism contributed to the establishment of Buddhism in Korea, and tigers played a central role in this.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.638-653
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• 2014

The structure of noble centered social status of the late Joseon Dynasty collapsed due to the commoner's higher status and increased level of consciousness caused by the growth of commerce and agriculture. In art, the a Korean and ethnical style dominated; however, with a diversity in the depiction of human figures in portraits, Buddhist paintings, genre paintings and folklore paintings. This study examines the diversity in human figures expressed in the paintings of the late Joseon Dynasty by expanding the common aesthetic fixed to the typical Joseon style of renowned painters. The conclusion of this study is as follows. The human figure is categorized into three different types of 'realistic', 'ideal', and 'distortion' based on the aesthetic category. First, the realistic type is defined literally by its realistic and detailed depiction of noble class portraits classified as extreme type and general type. The extreme type's formative element is hypersubtlety which includes a simultaneous aesthetic of aptness and ugliness. The general type shows subtlety with aesthetic of aptness. Second, the ideal type is defined by representing the standard form of time and criteria classified as beautified type, absolute type, and dignified type. Each shows a different character of gender of femininity, androgyny, and masculinity. Third, distortion types are defined by a characteristic expression of humans by transshaping the features in various methods categorized as grotesque, abjection, friendly, rustic, and caricature type. Each shows different formative elements of bizarre, patheticness, voluptuous, inartificial, and immaturity.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제3권
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• pp.145-177
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• 2001

The artist's interest has been captivated by ecological phenomena in Nature. Her keen captivation has then been focused into plastic art depicting the image of primitive life. The wide sweep of her work encompasses the totality of nature which consists of the human's subconscious power and imagination which she then portrays by organic images. These organic images are in contrast to scientific, mathematical and logical inference and consciousness. This research examines the character of the organic images in modern art by her analysis of some representative works by others. The image is an essential concept in the art which appeared in very different ways and in different perspectives. The image in the artwork appears to be the realistic expression until the early part of the 20th Century. Well into the 20th Century, it began being expressed in various ways such as combined images by imagination which is combined or rejected in the story of artwork. It also began being expressed by transferred images by changed original conditions. It is the main purpose of this research is to study of various expressions of organic images in the artwork of the Post-Modernism era. The character and meaning of organic image painting helps people to approach the human instinct more easily to find out the natural essence. It is also an objective of the organic image to tenderise our human sensibilities, thus helping us to regain vitality and recover our poor humanity in the barren wilderness of modern society. 'Life communion with nature' is a meeting point and common ground for Oriental Philosophy and organic image painting. Through this research, organic image painting is characterised in the four following ways : 1st) Organic image painting seeks regularity and perfection of outer shapes, in contrast to disordered and deformed nature, resulting in organic and biotic formalistic mode of plastic art. 2nd) Organic image painting seeks the formative. 3rd) Organic image painting pursues the priceless dignity of life by researching the formatted arrangement and figure, which contains primitive power of life. 4th) Organic image painting makes crystal clear the power of human and nature, which is a historic and biological phenomenon. This, in turn, exposes the humanistic view of the world from modern society best characterised in lost self-understanding, isolation and materialism. The representative organic image painting artists are Elizabeth Murray, Kusama Yayoi, and Niki do Saint Phalle. Elizabeth Murray used shaped canvas and a round construction of relief works. Kusama Yayoi used Automatistic expressionism originating from the realms of unconsciousness and which is represented by the mass and shape of a water drop. Niki do Saint Phalle shows the transcendence of universal life and anti-life to respect the dignity of life and the eco-friendliness relationship of human and nature in the post-modernism in art history. This is accomplished by surrealistic, symbolic, fantastic and humoristic expression. These three artists' works express the spirit of the organic image in contemporary art. It contains the stream of nature and life to seek not only the state of materialism in the reality, but also the harmonized world of nature and human which has almost lost the important meaning in modern times. Finally, this organic image is the plastic language of the majestic life. It is the romantic idea that the intimacy of nature and the universe and Surrealism, which emphasizes the unconsciousness , is the source of truth and spirit. Also it is influenced by primitive art and abstract art. According to this research, the subject 'Research About Organic Images' is not only an important element in the plastic arts from primitive society to the present, but is also fundamental to an true understanding of Post-Modernism.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.226-245
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• 2019

보물 제1259호로 지정된 법주사 <괘불탱>은 1766년에 조성되었으며, 화면 중앙에 여래를 단독으로 배치한 독존형식의 괘불화이다. 법주사본은 현존하는 괘불화 중에서 세로 폭이 가장 긴 작품이자 18세기의 대표적인 화사인 두훈이 조성하였다. 두훈이 제작한 괘불화는 법주사본과 더불어 통도사 <석가여래괘불탱>(1767)이 현존한다. 두 작품은 도상이 같기 때문에 동일한 초본을 사용하였을 것으로 추정되는데, 1년이라는 시간 차이가 있음에도 대부분의 화사가 교체되었기 때문에 수화사인 두훈의 역량을 확인할 수 있다. 이 중 법주사본은 통도사본보다 먼저 제작되었을 뿐만 아니라 화기를 통하여 왕실과 연관성이 엿보이므로 중요한 의미를 가진다. 법주사에는 영빈이씨의 위패를 모시던 선희궁 원당이 존재한다. 이 원당은 1765년에 건립되어 법주사본이 왕실과 관련이 있을 것으로 추정할 수 있는 근거가 된다. 특히 법주사본 화기에 등장하는 비혼의 여성 집단에 주목할 수 있다. 이들 중 경진생 이씨를 비롯한 일부 인물들이 영빈과 화완옹주가 시주에 참여한 봉인사 불사에도 이름을 올리고 있어 영빈과 관련된 궁녀들임을 추정할 수 있다. 이와 더불어 법주사본 하단에 '주상주삼전하수만세(主上主三殿下壽萬歲)'라고 강조된 축원문을 통하여 법주사본과 왕실의 관련성을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 미술사적 특징뿐만 아니라 과학 분석도 함께 접근하였는데, 먼저 법주사 <괘불탱>의 손상 유형을 보면 꺾임과 접힘, 주름이 관찰되며 습해로 인한 화면 얼룩, 안료 박락, 안료 점상형 박락, 뒷면 배접지에 안료 이염 등이 관찰된다. 채색 안료 분석 결과를 보면 백색 안료는 연백을 사용하였으며 흑색 안료는 먹과 니람을 사용했다. 적색 안료는 진사와 연단을 단독으로 사용하거나 혼합하여 사용하였으며 자주색은 유기염료를 사용한 것으로 추정된다. 황색은 육색에서는 연백과 등황을 혼합하여 사용하거나 연백 위에 등황으로 중첩 채색하였고 보관은 금박을 사용하였다. 녹색 안료는 염화동(녹염동광)을 단독으로 사용하거나 염화동(녹염동광)과 공작석을 혼합 사용하였다. 청색 안료는 석청과 회청을 단독으로 사용하거나 혼합 사용하였다.

• 박물관보존과학
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• 제14권
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• pp.37-60
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• 2013

국립중앙박물관 소장 고구려 벽화는 국립중앙박물관 도록에 소개된 벽화 모사도와 일제 강점기에 촬영한 유리건판 사진으로만 제공되어 왔다. 그러나 이번에 수행한 국립중앙박물관 소장 고구려 벽화 편의 보존과학적 처리와 분석을 통해 전모를 파악할 수 있게 되었다. 보존과학적 처리는 벽화 편의 바탕층의 구조와 성분, 균열 등의 손상 파악과 퇴색된 채색 부분에 광학현미경과 적외선 조사를 했으며, 취약한 벽체와 박락된 채색층 강화에 중점을 두고 수행하였다. 더불어 적외선 조사한 결과를 국립중앙박물관 소장 벽화 모사도와 유리건판사진과 비교하여 고분의 위치를 조사했으며, 일부 벽화 편에서 감신총, 개마총, 고산리1호분, 운봉리고분으로 확인되었다. 고구려 벽화 편에 채색된 안료의 성분 원소와 벽체층의 광물구조를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 모든 측정 위치에서 방해석[calcite, CaCO₃]이 확인되었다. 이는 벽화의 바탕재료로 보이며, 석회층 위에 안료를 채색한 것으로 판단된다. 안료 색상 중 갈색을 포함한 황색은 산화철[hematite, Fe₂O₃]로 검출되었고 일부 편에서는 백연석[cerussite, PbCO₃]과 산화납[lead oxide, PbO]이 확인되었다. 이는 연백[lead white, 2PbCO₃·Pb(OH)₂]의 산화물로 추정된다. 또한 적색에서는 주사[cinnabar, HgS], 흰색에서는 방해석[calcite, CaCO₃]과 백연석[cerussite, PbCO₃]이 확인되었다.

• 미술이론과 현장
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• 제10호
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• pp.63-84
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• 2010

This essay examines how the figure of Liberty has been refashioned in the streets of post-apartheid South Africa, addressing three public art works installed in Johannesburg over the past decade: Reshada Crouse's oil painting Passive Resistance, Marlene Dumas' tapestry The Benefit of the Doubt and William Kentridge's and Gerhard Marx's sculpture Firewalker. Even as these monumental works all reprise Delacroix's Liberty on the Barricades-an icon of the city street and its revolutionary barricades-so too this trio of Liberties have become mere phantoms of their vaunted archetype. Haunted specters, they quarrel with the mythologized chimera of Liberty, taking issue with the fraught tradition of pinning regime change onto the body of the female nude. Drawing instead on South African histories of women's resistance, in which female nudity has been repeatedly marshaled as a form of dissent, the Liberties circling Johannesburg hybridize their European template with local traditions of female political opposition to colonial and postcolonial male authority.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1998

This study has it's purpose in examining the materialized background. characteristic of African traditional costume and the A fro fashion of the year 1960. and it's influence on the contemporary fashion. Then the findings are applied to suggest a new way of image creation. 1960' s was the year in which people tried to free oneself from the ruling culture of the social standards. war. and the development of science. By such movement. people started to get interested in the environment and ecology. This then lead to the interest of the rights of the minority. With the youngs as the central figure A fro hair style and dashiki appeared as the street fashion. The characteristics of African costume applied to A fro fashion in 1990' s is as below. First. the North African style. Djellaba. and wrap style in the most common silhouette. Second. heavy materials such as stone. copper. silver. and gold are used. Necklace can be classified according to it's simple but. modern style. delicate but grand style. Bracelets are however. broad in width and many rings are worn widely. Third. Multi colored stripe and prints inspired by tattoo and deformation using red brown. dark beige. and orange are printed on textiles such as see through. Fourth. image of tattoo and deformation are applied to make-up. A fro hair and corn beads are also African taste. Fifth. African taste in recent fashion showed off the black beauty by appointing black models at the collection. In analyzing the study done above. characteristic images of African costume. accessaries and body painting was applied in presenting 3 creative designs. The first design named "Geometric I", took it's motif from the geometric pattern of the body painting with the afro hair. "Geometric II", the second design, showed it's application of geometric pattern of mutilation and the silhouette of the costume by using the see through. The third design called the "Geometric III" showed that the aesthetic and decorative side of clothing can be satisfied by applying various form and color of accessaries as the motif. A fro fashion is chosen as one of the folklore mood and it's beauty is conveyed on till today.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.874-885
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• 2013

This study analyzes the visage in fashion illustration based on the deconstructed visage of Francis Bacon's paintings as well as analyzes fashion illustration works since 2000. The deconstructed visages in Francis Bacon's paintings are classified as blurring, elimination, distortion and division. The expressive methods and meanings in fashion illustration (according to categorization) are as follow. Blurring shows an ambiguous visage organ by the sweeping of the brush, removal of a boundary among the visage, body and clothes, gradation of organic line like visage shapes, stretching of the a plat combined to visage and fragmentation of visage. It represents an uncertainty of the fashion theme and image interpretation, impossibility of figure by ambiguity, fantastic effect and the induction of the uncanny. Elimination shows the background color's painting of a photo-montage, overlap of a cutting of visage's part and background of a plat, elimination of the visage and the elimination of eyes, nose or lips. It represents a weakened identity, the reinforcement of anonymity, creation of a violent image, and uncanny unfamiliarity. Distortion shows a distorted visage by free drawing, and unconscious drawing line, fluid digital body, combination of an unconscious curve, and an eccentric combination of the accidental. It represents the relief of specialty about realistic existence, hypothetical immateriality and fantasy. Division shows overlapped visages with different angles, the weird combination of a plural visage and different species and a plural breakaway of direction, and the position of several organs. It represents motion by power's trace, non-territory of species, ambiguity and uncertainty and the uncanny.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.95-112
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• 2005

Hair styles, dresses and their ornaments are basic measures that show the trend of the times, the people and their life in both Eastern and Western societies. The history of a country could start or be extinguished at any time, but life goes on. Koguryo was founded around Anno Domini and fell at 668 A. D. What was Koguryo people like? How was their hair style and costume? This study aims to respond those questions. The Koguryo ancient mural paintings can be broadly divided into the Jip-An region and the Pyon-Yang region. Among the paintings found, that in the An-Ak 3rd ancient tomb at the Pyon-Yang region is the biggest and the most splendid. It is a figure genre painting, which contains a kitchen, a rice mill, a stable, a barn, a garage, etc. Those places illustrate the way of life at the time. The painting also comprises a man with a crown, who is seen as the king and owner of this tomb. The woman with a vertically designed hair style is perceived as the queen. A highly guarded and decorated royal parade is also presented in detail. The hair styles and costume evidence in the An-Ak 3rd ancient tomb are not seen in the paintings of the Jip-An region. This study inquires into the differences between the Pyon-Yang and lip-An regions through the history and the culture of those areas. Nevertheless, it could prove tentative to confirm the owner of the An-Ak 3rd ancient tomb with the only evidence of the words found in the wall of the tomb. It is the author's intention to study and analyse further.