• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 1998

The conidial germination of Pestaotiopsis theae was occurred in cells attched with pedicels, the inferior cell of conidium. The cells were swollen like a ball, and then germinated in 4 hours under favorable conditions. Generally, it was considered that fifty percent of whole conidia was germinated in the range 6~12 hours. The optimum temperature and pH for conidial germination of P. theae (SP-3) causing leaf blight on sweet persimmon was $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 5, respectively. Conidial germination rate was higher than 90% at 100% relative humidity, but never germinated at a relative humidity lower than 88.5%. Conidial germination was highest at the concentration of 1~4$\times$104 conidia/ml. In case of cultural media, the conidial germination was higher than 90% on PDA, PSA, OME and Leonian agar. There was no relationship between light and conidial germination. It was concluded that the key environmental factors affecting conidial germination of the fungus (SP-3) were temperature and moisture.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 1979

The author observed thy actual position of apical foramen and the radiographic appearance of files when the files were filled through canals to the external surface of apical foramen in 280 canals of extracted teeth. All the teeth were radiographed by bisecting technic and once again Walton's projection was employed on mandibular molars. The results were as followings. 1. Sixty five percents of 280 canals were actually classed as having foramina deviant from true apex of root. 2. 160 of 280 canals(Fifty seven percents) appeared to be filled short of apex on the radiograph. 3. When Walton's projection was employed to open up two mesial canals of mandibular molars and compared to straight-on projection, twelve of 120 canals Ten percent appeared to be different in radiographic appearence.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.343-350
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• 2019

Map labels are the most recognizable map elements using the human visual system because they are essentially a natural language. In this study, an experiment was conducted using an eye-tracker to objectively record and analyze the response of subjects regarding visual attention to map labels. A primary building object was identified by analyzing visit counts, average visit duration, fixation counts, and the average fixation duration of a subject's gaze for an area of interest acquired using the eye-tracker. The unmarked rate of map labels in Google map, Naver map, and Daum map was calculated. As a result, this rate exceeded fifty-one percent, with the lowest rate recorded for Google map. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to an increase in the diversity of research in terms of the spatial cognition approach for map labels, which is more helpful to users than the existing body of work on methods of expression for labels.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.63-66
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• 2019

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is rare, accounting for 5-10% of all soft tissue sarcomas. MPNST is characteristically aggressive and has a poor prognosis. Fifty percent of patients with MPNST have neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). NF-associated MPNST occurs more often at younger ages than sporadic MPNST, but the survival difference is controversial. Superficial MPNST from a recurrent neurofibroma is extremely rare and only a limited number of cases have been reported in the literature. Herein, we report an unusual case of superficial MPNST from a recurrent neurofibroma in a patient without NF1.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2009

In the global economy, Korean foreign direct investment (FDI) to Southeast Asian countries expands rapidly as the countries try to make attracting investment strategies and to improve their investment condition. This paper, using panel-data for 2004-2006 in Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaya which are the main countries of Korean FDI for last ten years, shows analysis of the Korean FDI performance in Southeast Asia and compares the Korean firms' achievement with the case of China. According to the forty nine firms' official sources in Indonesia, Vietnam and Malaya, presented to the Export-Import Bank of Korea, over fifty percent of FDI consists of M&A. And Korean FDI has concentrated in the manufacturing industry. In order to measure the FDI performance, the study sets a regression function; operating profit ratio is the dependent variable and the total sales, expert ratio and investment period are the independent variables representing firms' volume, purpose of FDI and firms' adaptation to the local countries.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 1974

Introduction This study is concerned with improving the nursing education curriculum. The purpose of the study was to 1. Review the basic principles of curriculum development. 2. Determine opinion about current nursing curriculums from recent nursing school graduates. Methods of the study A questionnaire was distributed to 250 nurses, in f general hospitals in Seoul. The nurses were graduated from nursing schools in 1973, but represented all types of nursing programs. The Questionnaire was designed to illicit responses about nursing school curriculums in 5 areas: 1. Establishment of objectives 2. Selection of learning experience 3. Organization of learning experience 4. Instruction 5. Evaluation Summary of the major findings 1. Establishment of objectives Thirty nine point three percent of the nurses said that the first objective of the general nursing education was stated "to educate a nurse as a human being with humanity:" Ninety point eight percent of the total respondents said that thor knew the objectives of the curriculum of their nursing schools, but more half of them (58.3%) understood the objectives vaguely at the time they attended nursing school. 2. Selection of learning experience Thirty nine point eight percent of the respondents said their curriculum contained "only a few" liberal arts courses. 3. Organization of learning experience forty seven point six percent. of the respondents were reported that the number of course hours was "insufficient" in liberal arts courses. Fifty seven point three percent of the nurses felt there was an overemphasis on any special topic in liberal arts courses. 4. Instruction Methods of instruction were as follows: Liberal arts courses-a. lecture which centered on explanation (61.1%), b. lecture which centered on writing (43.7%) Supporting nursing courses-a. lecture which centered on explanation (34.0%). b. laboratory Practice (37.8%) Clinical nursing courses-a. lecture which centered on writing (33.0%), b. clinical practice (38.4%) The percentage of respondents replying that various equipment for the learning activities were "insufficient"were as follows: Liberal arts courses-51.0% Supporting nursing courses-28.6% Clinical nursing courses-37.9% 5. Evaluation In the liberal arts courses, 30.6% o( the respondents answered that the evaluation of records was in their opinion "poor, " and 28.2% of the respondents reported that the method of evaluation was "unfair and discouraging. " "Development of a systematic theory of nursing" was thought to be essential for curriculum improvement. The respondents felt that the junior year was the hardest because 1. Number of subjects was too great (28.1%) 2. Lack of a systematic theory of nursing (14.5%) 3. Conflict due to the difference between nursing theory and nursing practice (21.4%) Recommendations 1. Since this study was limited to nurses who had graduated in 1973, a larger study involving professors, graduate students, and nurses from a wider area is suggested in order to establish the reliability and validity of the present findings. 2. Nursing research should be carried out more actively in order to develope nursing science. 3. A permanent organization for research into ways to improve the curriculum should be established in each nursing school.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.301-306
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• 2002

In Japan, the vacancy rates of office buildings have been at high in big cities since 1992. This problem is especially acute in Tokyo, where it is estimated that over 2.27 million square meters of office floor area will be oversupplied in 2003: big urban redevelopment projects will be completed in 2003. Under these circumstances, International Cooperative Research and Development on Sustainable Urban Management by Conversion of Buildings, called “SUMCOB”, has been carried out. This research aims to regenerate urban areas by converting redundant offices into flats, although instances of conversion are still very few in Japan. This paper introduces part of current results by SUMCOB, and discusses legal problems with conversion and basic capacity of vacant offices in Tokyo. It has been confirmed that there are no constraints concerned with Real Estate Registration Law (although it requires the change of the registration after conversion). and City Planning Law. However, some criteria are incompatible with Building Standard Law and Fire Service Law if the use of the building is changed from offices to flats. Typical incompatibility between offices and flats is lightening. If the buildings do not satisfy criteria for flats, the cost of renovation works for conversion will increase. To examine the basic capacity of vacant office buildings for conversion, field surveys in Tokyo have carried out at three areas: Kodenmacho (Chuo-ku), Toranomon (Minato-ku), and Iwamonocho (Chiyoda-ku). They are typical office areas that are included in center core of Tokyo. In Chuo-ku, the oldest commercial area in Tokyo, textile merchants have been located their headquarters. In Minato-ku, many rental office buildings have been located and several large scale redevelopments are advancing. Chiyoda-ku includes Marunouchi area, which is the prime office area in Japan. Thirty percent of the buildings in survey areas suffer from over twenty percent vacant floor rate, and fifty five percent were constructed before 1990. Especially most of buildings over forty percent vacant floor rate were constructed in 1980s. Vacant office problems haven't been seen in old buildings in Tokyo yet. The number of dwelling units made from office space will influence the conversion scheme. Seventy percent of the office buildings in survey areas have floor area of less than two hundred square meters. If they have been subdivided into two bedrooms type or three bedrooms type, the number of dwelling units in a floor would be less than three. The difficulty of conversion planning derives from frontage size, depth size, and their proportion. The five categories are proposed to grasp actual requirements for converting offices into flats.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 1978

The blood samples collected from 863 school boys living in Seoul, Kwangju, Pusan and Cheju were tested for studies on the distributions and frequencies of ABO, MNSs, Rh, Diego, Duffy, Kell, Kidd and P blood groups. The $I^B$ gene frequencies appeared to be a cline, and this is decreased gradually from north to south except the Cheju population, but on the other hand those of $I^A$ gene increased oppositely. In Koreans A type of ABO group increased during past fifty years while B type decreased. $Ig^M$ gene frequencies also decreased from north to south district in Korea except Cheju. And the frequency of $Ig^M$ in Koreans was 0.518 which is between those of the north Chinese and the Japanese. In general Rh negative was 0.26 percent, and CCDee phenotype was of the highest frequency among all phenotypes, showing 42.41 percent, CcDEe, about 34% and ccdee, 0.087%. The frequencies of most Rh phenotypes in Koreans were close to those of the Japanese rather than to those of the Chinese and the Thais. Di(a+) type was 6.633 percent, and Fy(a+) and Fy(b+) type were 99.267 percent and 13.832 percent respectively. K+ type was observed only one case in Seoul. The frequencies of Jk(a+) and P+ type were the most varied depending on the populations studied.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.315-329
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• 1999

Recently, dissatisfaction with aspects of health care has been complemented by directly at complaints such as informal, formal and litigation. But some people take action and other not in spite of feeling of dissatisfaction. This study was to investigate an accounts of patient's disagreement with doctor's care from a community sample, and make a distinction between felt disagreement and disagreement actions. This study was done in six hundred forty residents in Sungjoo County of Kyungbuk Province and Nonman city of Chungnam Province. The questionnaires of interview included sociodemographic data, health status data, a nature of patient's disagreement with doctor and actions taken following or during the disagreement episode. Approximately sixteen percent of sample reported a disagreement, and nine percent reported action taken following or during the disagreement episode. Age, educational attainment, income and area were significantly related with experience of disagreement episode in univariate analysis. In people who experienced the disagreement episode, nearly forty-one percent reported on disagreement about the diagnosis related, twenty-eight percent reported doctor-patients relationship related, twenty percent reported treatment related, and eleven percent reported prescription drug related. In people who experienced actions taken following or during the disagreement episode, nearly fifty-four percent acted as 'sought a second opinion or visit other doctor', thirty-six percent acted as 'verbally challenged the doctor', thirty-two percent acted as 'stopped prescribed treatment or medication', twenty-nine percent acted as 'made repeat visits to the same doctor', twenty-five percent acted as 'eventually left and changed doctor'. Results of multivariate analysis, age, marital status, have or haven't chronic disease, and general satisfaction with health service were significantly related with experience of disagreement episode and marital status was significantly related with experience of actions taken following or during the disagreement episode. This study is experimental and exploratory trial about a relationship between patient's disagreement with doctor and actions taken following or during the disagreement episode in some community of Korea. We find that patient's disagreement with doctor and actions taken following or during the disagreement episode is latent in our community. We suggest that the relationship between felt disagreement and disagreement action is more complicated and worthy of further study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.167-172
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• 2006

Purpose : Palpable lymph nodes are common in the pediatric population, and most of them are either inflammatory or congenital. As the diagnostic evaluation, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is known to be more convenient and economical than tissue biopsy. We evaluated the usefulness of FNAC in children and adolescents. Methods : Four hundred and thirteen FNAC samples(M : F=1 : 1.15) were retrospectively analyzed in patients who were brought to Inha University Hospital, from August 1999 to August 2004. Results : The most common age group was 16-20 years of age(N=148, 35.8 percent). The cervical area was the most frequently involved site(N=310, 75 percent). Non-specific lymphadenitis was the most common(N=227, 54.9 percent), followed by the benign neoplasm(N=59, 14.2 percent). Malignant tumors were 18 cases(4.3 percent), and congenital diseases were found in 10 cases(2.4 percent). In inflammatory lesions, tuberculous lymphadenitis(N=22, 5.3 percent) was the most common with a histologic sensitivity of 90.9 percent. The peripheral blood and serologic studies were non-specific. Fifty nine percent(N=244) of lymphadenitis improved without specific management. Antibiotics were prescribed in 15.2 percent of lymphadenitis and lymphadenectomy was performed in 12.6 percent. Conclusion : Most of the enlarged lymph nodes in children and adolescents were benign. These results show FNAC is a safe, rapid and reliable diagnostic procedure for the appropriate differential diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes in children and adolescents.