DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

User's Gaze Analysis for Improving Map Label Readability in Way-finding Situation

  • Moon, Seonggook (Smart Mobility Research Center, Dept. of Transportation Engineering, Myongji University) ;
  • Hwang, Chul Sue (Dept. of Geography, Kyung Hee University)
  • Received : 2019.09.24
  • Accepted : 2019.10.17
  • Published : 2019.10.31

Abstract

Map labels are the most recognizable map elements using the human visual system because they are essentially a natural language. In this study, an experiment was conducted using an eye-tracker to objectively record and analyze the response of subjects regarding visual attention to map labels. A primary building object was identified by analyzing visit counts, average visit duration, fixation counts, and the average fixation duration of a subject's gaze for an area of interest acquired using the eye-tracker. The unmarked rate of map labels in Google map, Naver map, and Daum map was calculated. As a result, this rate exceeded fifty-one percent, with the lowest rate recorded for Google map. It is expected that the results of this study will contribute to an increase in the diversity of research in terms of the spatial cognition approach for map labels, which is more helpful to users than the existing body of work on methods of expression for labels.

Keywords

References

  1. Coltekin, A., Fabrikant, S.I., and Lacayo, M. (2010), Exploring the efficiency of users' visual analytics strategies based on sequence analysis of eye movement recordings, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 24, No. 10, pp. 1559-1575. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2010.511718
  2. Darken, R.P. and Peterson, B. (2002), Spatial orientation, wayfinding, and representation, In: Stanney, K. (eds.), Handbook of Virtual Environments: Design, Implementation, and Applications, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, London, pp. 493-518.
  3. de Smith, M.J., Goodchild, M.F., and Longley, P. (2018), Geospatial Analysis: a Comprehensive Guide to Principles, Techniques and Software Tools 6th Edition, The Winchelsea Press.
  4. Duchowski, A. (2007), Eye Tracking Methodology: Theory and Practice, Springer-Verlag, London.
  5. Farr, A.C., Kleinschmidt, T., Yarlagadda, P., and Mengersen, K. (2012), Wayfinding: a simple concept, a complex process, Transport Reviews, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 715-743. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2012.712555
  6. Frank, A.U. (2003), Pragmatic information content-how to measure the information in a route, In: Duckham, M., Goodchild, M.F., and Worboys, M. (eds.), Foundations of Geographic Information Science, CRC Press, London, pp. 47-70.
  7. Freeman, H. (2005), Automated cartographic text placement, Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 287-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2004.10.023
  8. Goldberg, J.H. and Kotval, X.P. (1999), Computer interface evaluation using eye movements: methods and constructs, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, Vol. 24, No. 6, pp. 631-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(98)00068-7
  9. Imhof, E. (1975), Positioning names on maps, The American Cartographer, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 128-144. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304075784313304
  10. Jacob, R.J. and Karn, K.S. (2003), Eye tracking in humancomputer interaction and usability research: ready to deliver the promises, In: Hyona, J., Radach, R., and Deubel, H. (Ed.), The Mind's Eye: Cognitive and Applied Aspects of Eye Movement Research, Elsevier, pp. 573-605.
  11. Just, M.A. and Carpenter, P.A. (1976), Eye fixations and cognitive processes, Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 441-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(76)90015-3
  12. Kern, J.P. and Brewer, C.A. (2008), Automation and the map label placement problem: a comparison of two GIS implementations of label placement, Cartographic Perspectives, Vol. 60, pp. 22-45. https://doi.org/10.14714/CP60.230
  13. Kiefer, P., Giannopoulos, I., and Raubal, M. (2014), Where am I? Investigating map matching during self‐localization with mobile eye tracking in an urban environment, Transactions in GIS, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 660-686. https://doi.org/10.1111/tgis.12067
  14. Liao, H., Wang, X., Dong, W., and Meng, L. (2019), Measuring the influence of map label density on perceived complexity: a user study using eye tracking, Cartography and Geographic Information Science, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 210-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2018.1434016
  15. Mark, D.M., Freksa, C., Hirtle, S.C., Lloyd, R., and Tversky, B. (1999), Cognitive models of geographical space, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 747-774. https://doi.org/10.1080/136588199241003
  16. Montello, D.R. (2007), The contribution of space syntax to a comprehensive theory of environmental psychology, In Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, 12-15 June, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1-12.
  17. Moon, S., Kim, E.K., and Hwang, C.S. (2014), Effects of spatial distribution on change detection in animated choropleth maps, Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 571-580. https://doi.org/10.7848/ksgpc.2014.32.6.571
  18. Netzel, R., Ohlhausen, B., Kurzhals, K., Woods, R., Burch, M., and Weiskopf, D. (2017), User performance and reading strategies for metro maps: an eye tracking study, Spatial Cognition & Computation, Vol. 17, No. 1-2, pp. 39-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2016.1226839
  19. Poole, A., Ball, L.J., and Phillips, P. (2005), In search of salience: a response-time and eye-movement analysis of bookmark recognition, People and Computers XVIII-design for Life, pp. 363-378.
  20. Raubal, M. (2008), Wayfinding: affordances and agent simulation, In Encyclopedia of GIS. Springer US, pp. 1243-1246.
  21. Raubal, M. and Worboys, M. (1999), A formal model of the process of wayfinding in built environments, In: Freksa, C. and Mark, D. (Eds.), Spatial Information Theory, Cognitive and Computational Foundations of Geographic Information science, International Conference COSIT '99, Springer, Germany, Berlin, pp. 381-399.
  22. Shin, J. and Lee, G. (2012). The Methodological Review of Wayfinding Based on the Spatial Cognition and Modeling the Cognitive Paths, Journal of the Korean Cartographic Association, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 95-111. (in Korean with English abstract)
  23. Skupin, A. (2000), From metaphor to method: Cartographic perspectives on information visualization, In Information Visualization, 2000, InfoVis 2000, IEEE Symposium, IEEE, 9-10 October, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, pp. 91-97.
  24. Wood, C.H. (2000), A descriptive and illustrated guide for type placement on small scale maps, The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1179/caj.2000.37.1.5
  25. Yoeli, P. (1972), The logic of automated map lettering, The Cartographic Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 99-108. https://doi.org/10.1179/000870472787352505