• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 2003

Since 1990s, the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine(CAM) has been rising rapidly all of the world. In 1983, WHO recommended that the traditional medicine actively be utilized. At the end of 20th century, as chronic and intractable diseases increased in western countries, traditional medicine has attracted considerable attention. COWM shows possibilities of new approaches for these intractable diseases. Thus, we try to show our proper approach of COWM through the international comparative study. In order to fulfill the objectives, we applied the following methodology: 1) Literature review on previous study, 2) Local survey using self-administered questionnaire, and 3) FGI(Focus Group Interview) with local experts. The results were as follows : Three Asian countries, China, Korea and Taiwan, are very active in implementing COWM policy. Japan, however, has independent system of unified medicine. In regards to the combined care policy and system, China has the most advanced COWM system among four countries. In respect to combined care education, it is needed to increase the COWM education contents and the amount of cross educational curriculum. Based on the current COWM system, Chinese, Japanese and Taiwanese doctors can prescribe both oriental and western drugs. But, Korean medical law prohibits western doctors and oriental doctors from prescribing the counterpart´s medicine. So, the revision of current medical law is urgent for COWM in Korea. And when it comes to patient satisfaction, more than fifty percent responded positively in China, Korea and Taiwan. To achieve the goal of COWM ; 1) mutual understanding and recognition of COWM is essential. 2) institutional and legal support system for COWM is desperately urgent. 3) possible international collaboration and cooperation should be sought to untangle these complex cultural dilemmas.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.450-456
• /
• 1999

A high molecular-weight water-soluble fraction(PO) obtained by the ethanol precipitation of 0.1 N NaOH extracts of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus showed 82% anti-complementary activity for complement consumption hemolysis. The PO consisted of 42% carbohydrate (w/w), 50% protein (w/w), and 3% uronic acid (w/w). Fifty-eight percent of the anti-complementary activity decreased by periodate oxidation and 22% by protease digestion, suggesting that the sugar and protein moieties are essential for this activity. Two polysaccharide fractions, PO-IIIa-1 and PO-IIIa-2, with anti-complementary activity were isolated from the PO using DEAE-Sepharose FF followed by Sephadex G-75 and Sepharose CL-6B gel permeation chromatographies. The PO-IIIa-2 was found by HPLC to be nearly homogeneous, with the molecular mass of 531 kDa, and showed 96% $ITCH_{50}$ (inhibition against the total complement hemolysis of deionized water as the control) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. This fraction contained galactose, mannose, fucose, and glucose with molar ratios of 1.75:1:0.65 and 0.59, respectively. The majority of galactose and mannose units in the PO-IIIa-2 were composed of TGalp1 ->, ->6Galp1->, ->2,6Galp1->, and ->Manp1->. The PO-IIIa-1 (molecular mass of 2000 kDa), exhibiting higher activity than the PO-IIIa-2, was further purified into two fractions, unbound proteoglycan (PO-IIIa-1A) and bound glucomannan (PO-IIIa-lB), by affinity chromatography using ConA-Sepharose CL-4B. The anti-complementary activity of each affinity purified fraction decreased as compared to that of the native PO-IIIa-1 fraction, indicating that the formation of complex between both polysaccharide fractions was necessary for full anti-complementary activity.

• ALGAE
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2014

Palmaria palmata was integrated with Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus on a commercial farm for one year starting in November, with a temperature range of 0.4 to $19.1^{\circ}C$. The seaweed was grown in nine plastic mesh cages (each $1.25m^3$ volume) suspended in a concrete sump tank ($46m^3$) in each of three recirculating systems. Two tanks received effluent water from tanks stocked with halibut, and the third received ambient seawater serving as a control. Thalli were tumbled by continuous aeration, and held under a constant photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D). Palmaria stocking density was $2.95kg\;m^{-3}$ initially, increasing to $9.85kg\;m^{-3}$ after a year. Specific growth rate was highest from April to June (8.0 to $9.0^{\circ}C$), 1.1% $d^{-1}$ in the halibut effluent and 0.8% $d^{-1}$ in the control, but declined to zero or less than zero above $14^{\circ}C$. Total tissue nitrogen of Palmaria in effluent water was 4.2 to 4.4% DW from January to October, whereas tissue N in the control system declined to 3.0-3.6% DW from April to October. Tissue carbon was independent of seawater source at 39.9% DW. Estimated tank space required by Palmaria for 50% removal of the nitrogen excreted by 100 t of halibut during winter is about 29,000 to $38,000m^2$, ten times the area required for halibut culture. Fifty percent removal of carbon from the same system requires 7,200 to $9,800m^2$ cultivation area. Integration of P. palmata with Atlantic halibut is feasible below $10^{\circ}C$, but is impractical during summer months due to disintegration of thalli associated with reproductive maturation.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.245-251
• /
• 2000

Carapace width (CW) of main size class of the snow crab was 70~90 mm for females and 80~100 mm for males. The CW holds a stronger relation with body weight than that of carapace length (CL). The number of eggs attached to the pleopods was in the range of 35,000 and 114,000 eggs in crabs with 65 and 88 mm CW, respectively). The logistic maturity curve on morphometric measurements and gonad examination, defined by the presence of egg brooding in wide abdomen of the female and spermatophores inside the vasa deferentia of the male indicated that 50 % of crabs attained gonadal maturity at 54.2 mm and 58.8 mm CW for females and males, respectively. In the relationship between CW and body weight, a sharp break at 53~55 mm CW indicates that morphological changes associated with maturity have occurred.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.152-156
• /
• 2007

The Condonopsis lanceolata Trautv. was planted in field to investigate the effect of afterwards shading in the condition of sun light of fifty six percent on the characteristics of photosynthesis according to leaf position at flowering stage. The vine length and leaf area were increased with shading treatment in comparison with that of non-shading. Dry weight of leaf and vine indicate opposite tendency with the result above. SLA (specific leaf area) was much more increased in shaded leaves than that obtained from non-shading treatment. The shaded leaves of plant show a higher SPAD value than that of non-shaded leaves. The net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were increased as the PAR was increased. And it is the maximum valve (PAR of 700-1000 ${\mu}$mol/m$^2$/s of PAR) of all leaves. Overnurse and light saturation point of the Condonopsis lanceolata Trautv. shading-treated was improved in comparison with control as net photosynthetic rates of leaves positioned on each part of the stem was increased.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.63-68
• /
• 2016

Purpose: Disruption of normal renal development can lead to congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, including renal hypodysplasia. We aimed to clarify whether small kidney size affects clinical manifestations in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: One hundred fifty-four patients who had their first symptomatic UTI between January 2014 and June 2015 were enrolled in this study. Differences in kidney size were estimated based on percent uptake of $^{99m}Tc-$ dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in scintigraphy. The patients who showed more than 10% difference in kidney size on DMSA scintigraphy with none or minimal cortical defects were included in group A. (group A, n=17). Laboratory, clinical, and imaging results were compared with those of the other patients (group B, n=137). Results: Group A had a relatively higher incidence of vesicoureteral reflux than group B (44% vs 20%, P<0.05). The levels of plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and serum C-reactive protein were significantly higher in group A (193 [64-337] vs 91 [59-211] ng/mL and 4.1 [0.5-11.9] vs 2.1 [0.7-5.3] ng/mL, respectively; all P <0.05). Linear regression analysis revealed that plasma NGAL level strongly correlated with the difference in renal uptake in DMSA scintigraphy in group A ($R^2=0.505$). Conclusion: The difference in kidney size could influence the clinical course and severity of pediatric UTI.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2015

Background: Sleep-related disturbances and sleep disorders are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and have a great impact on daily life of PD patients. This study was done to find the sleep characteristics and sleep disturbing factors in PD patients according to disease severity through clinical interview and polysomnographic (PSG) study. Methods: Fifty patients with PD (22 males, age $60.6{\pm}6.4$, Hoehn and Yahr (HY) stage $2.7{\pm}1.0$) were recruited and thoroughly interviewed about their sleep. PSG was performed on the patients taking routine antiparkinsonian medications. Patients were grouped into mild and moderate/severe group according to HY stage, and the results were compared between each group. Results: Ninety-four percent of total patients had one or more sleep-related disturbances based on the interview or PSG. On interview, the moderate/severe group complained more insomnia and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) than mild group. In PSG findings, the moderate/severe group showed lower sleep efficiency, longer sleep latency, REM sleep latency, waking time after sleep onset, and higher prevalence of RBD. Conclusions: In this study, most patients with PD had sleep disturbances. Clinical interview and PSG findings revealed deterioration of sleep quality along the disease severity. Our results suggest that sleep disturbances in PD patients are prevalent and warrant clinical attention, especially to the patients with advanced disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.203-214
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study is to classify the upper body of women into several kinds of somatotypes, using the method of Surgical Tape and making their shells. The subjects are 53 females 30 to 39 years-old. Fifty-three anthropometric data are measured per shell of bodysurface; six somatotype factors are obtained through principal component analysis and orthogonal rotation by the method of Varimax, Somatotype of women's upper body is achieved by cluster analysis, using the standardized factor score as an independent variable and the FASTCLUS of SAS by Kmeans. The results are as follows: 1. The number of the factors which explain the somatotype is six and those factors comprise 76.12 percent of total variance. Factor 1: related to the size of shape in the front of upper body Factor S: related to the size of shape in the back of upper body Factor 3: related to the type of the upper chest over the chest circumference line Factor 4: related to the length of·the upper body Factor 5: related to the part of the neck Factor 6: related to the type of the lower chest under the chest circumference line 2. Cluster analysis results in classification of upper body into five clusters. Cluster L: the length is the largest and the circumference is small. The part of waist is the largest and widest among surface areas. Cluster 2: Slender body line from chest to waist is characteristic. The length is longer. The part of upper and lower chest is larger among surface areas. Cluster S: the circumference is the smallest and armhole is small. The length and surface area are small. Cluster 4: the circumference and armhole is the largest. The length is the smallest. Cluster 5: the circumference is average and the length is a little long. The body line(silhouette) from chest to waist is curved slightly.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.14 no.5
• /
• pp.715-721
• /
• 2014

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to investigate the perception of elderly oral health care in the care workers in nursing homes. Methods : A self-reported questionnaire was filled out by 200 care workers in nursing homes in Daegu and Busan. Data were analyzed by SPSS 18.0 program. Results : The oral health care was maintained by innately healthy mouth(49.5%), dentists(48.5%), public health centers including institution and dentistry(46.5%), regular visit to dentistry(44.0%), and ingestion of healthy food(38.5%). Fifty eight percent of the respondents(116 persons) agreed that regular and proper toothbrushing is the most important behavior to maintain the healthy teeth. The regular visit to dental clinics(Wald=7.076, p=0.008) and an oral care by specialist (Wald=5.210, p=0.022) influenced on elderly oral health status(p<0.05). Conclusions : The oral health care education is very important for the workers in the nursing homes that the education can improve the perception toward the elderly oral health.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.138-144
• /
• 1987

This study was conducted to pursue the normalization of frequency distribution by making approach the coefficient of skewness to nearly zero tbrough SMEMAX transformation and to get probable minimum flows can be acquired by means of transforrnation equation which has been derivated by SMEMAX method to the annual minimum flow series of five watersheds along Geum river basin. The results obtained through SMEMAX method were compared with probable minimum flows according to return periods by Type III extremal distribution which has been determined as the best fitted one among probablility distributions for the analysis of minimum flow. All the results obtained through this study are summarized as follows. 1.SMEMAX transformation based on median value was proved to be the best method when the coefficient of skewness has less reliability because of the short duration for the observation and were not affected by accidental outliers. 2.SMEMAX transformation has found to be the best one for the coefficient of skewness to be made nearly zero in comparison with log and cubic root transformation. 3.Probable minimum flows according to the return periods were derivated by transformation equations obtained through theoretical analysis of SMEM AX transformation. 4.In general, probable minimum flows by SMEMAX method were appeared as higher values in the range of five and twenty years and as lower ones in the range of below than five and more than fifty years in return periods respectively, in comparison with the results of type III extremal distribution. 5.Relative errors in the probable minimum flows of SMEMAX method to the results of type III extremal distribution were shown to be within ten percent except those of one hundred years in return periods. 6.SMEMAX method was also confirmed to be useful for the analysis of minimum flow frequency as well as flood frequency analysis.