• 제목/요약/키워드: Field trial

검색결과 661건 처리시간 0.031초

Polarimetry of solar system small bodies using the Seoul National University 61cm telescope and TRIPOL

  • Jin, Sunho;Ishiguro, Masateru;Kwon, Yuna Grace;Geem, Jooyeon;Bach, Yoonsoo P.;Seo, Jinguk;Sasago, Hiroshi;Sato, Shuji
    • 천문학회보
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    • 제44권1호
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    • pp.64.2-64.2
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    • 2019
  • It is known that lights scattered by comets and asteroids are partially polarized. From polarimetric observations of those objects, we can investigate physical properties, such as albedos, sizes of cometary dust particles and regolith of asteroids. Since the polarization degrees of those objects highly depend on their phase angles (Sun-object-observer's angles), long-term monitoring observations are required. Moreover, comets show unforeseeable activations (i.e., outbursts) which need follow-up observations to understand the mechanism. In order to realize such monitoring and transient observations, we installed the Triple-Range Imager and POLarimeter (TRIPOL) on the 61cm telescope of Seoul National University (Hereafter, SNU) Gwanak campus. With this combination, we can obtain g', r', i' bands photopolarimetric images simultaneously with $8.0^{\prime}{\times}8.0^{\prime}$ field of view and pixel resolution of 0.94" pixel-1. Here, we make a presentation regarding the photometric and polarimetric performances of TRIPOL on the SNU 61cm telescope. In addition, we introduce initial polarimetric results of asteroid and comets with the instruments. First, we determine the limiting magnitudes (defined as magnitudes for S/N=5) of $15.17{\pm}0.06$ (g'-band), $15.68{\pm}0.01$ (r'-band), $16.24{\pm}0.03$ (I'-band), respectively, with total 240-seconds exposure (four 60-seconds exposure images, each was taken at different rotation angle for the half-wave plate). Second, we found that the instrumental polarization is negligibly small, ($-0.32{\pm}0.04%$ in the g', $-0.36{\pm}0.05%$ in the r' and $-0.21{\pm}0.04%$ in the i'-bands), while the polarization efficiencies are large enough to maximize the performance (i.e., $97.52{\pm}0.03%$ in the g', $98.83{\pm}0.02%$ in the r' and $99.15{\pm}0.02%$ in the i'-bands). With the instruments, we made observations of three Jupiter-family comets, 21P/Giacobini-Zinner, 38P/Stephan-Oterma, and 46P/Wirtanen and plan to observe one near-Earth asteroid, (433) Eros, on a trial basis. Especially for comets, we discriminate signals from dust and gas to eliminate gas contamination, which are known to change observed degree of linear polarization, using multi-band images. We confirm that the phase angle dependency of these comets are consistent with previous observations, probably because polarimetric property of Jupiter-family comets are broadly homogeneous unlike asteroids. We will also describe future observation plans using TRIPOL and SNU 61cm telescope.

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고천문 기록 서비스를 위한 웹 기반 시스템의 소프트웨어 개발 방법론적 개발 연구 (STUDY ON SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY OF A WEB-BASED SYSTEM FOR HISTORICAL ASTRONOMY RECORDS AND ACCOUNTS SERVICE)

  • 서윤경;김상혁;민병희;최영실;안영숙;최고은;이기원;전준혁;박은미;황병한;정명우
    • 천문학논총
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    • 제35권3호
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    • pp.29-41
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    • 2020
  • Korea has numerous astronomical resources, such as observational records, star maps, and a wealth of literature, covering the period from the Three Kingdoms (54 BC - 932 AD) to the Joseon Dynasty (1392 - 1910 AD). The research activities related to these resources have been limited to those by individual researchers. It is now necessary to conduct research by efficiently and systematically collecting and managing Korean astronomical records using an accessible Web environment. The purpose of this study is to complete a system that enables researchers systematically to collect and verify a large number of historical records related to astronomical phenomena in a Web environment. In 2017, a preliminary survey was conducted, and the requirements pertaining to an implementation target system were devised. In addition, a joint development plan was carried out by the developer, lasting three months in 2018. Although the system is relatively simple, it is the first system to be attempted in the historical astronomy field. In order to proceed with the systematic development, the software development methodology is applied to the entire process from deriving the requirements of researchers to completing the system. The completed system is verified through integrated function and performance tests. The functional test is repeated while modifying and testing the system based on various test scenarios. The performance test uses a performance measurement test tool that takes measurements by setting up a virtual operation environment. The developed system is now in normal operation after a one-year trial period. Researchers who become authorized to use the system can use it to verify the accuracy of data and to suggest improvements. The collected feedback will be reflected in future systems, and Korean astronomical records will be available for use internationally through a multilingual service.

탄소배출 저감을 위한 생분해 필름이용 벼 멀칭건답직파재배기술 개발 가능성 연구 (A Possible Development of Mulching Dry Drill Seeded Rice Cultivation by Biodegradable Film)

  • 박광호
    • 현장농수산연구지
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    • 제23권1호
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    • pp.49-57
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    • 2021
  • 생분해성 필름에 종자를 부착하여 논 표면에 펴는 멀칭 건답 및 습답 점파기술은 2015년 주요 곡물·조사료자급률제고사업단, 농촌진흥청 등에서 현장 실증시험을 실시하였다. 그러나 파종 후 관개하였을 때 필름이 뜨는 문제점으로 입모 불안정, 종자 부착에 따른 비용 및 불편 등 문제가 많았지만, 필름이 뜨지 않게 초기 물관리 등을 잘한 포장에서는 기존 건답직파, 무논점파 등과 수량이 거의 같거나 높은 것으로 나타나 이러한 문제점을 보완하면 가능성이 있는 기술로 판단되었다. 2016년 멀칭필름에 종자를 부착하는 방법과 다른 필름을 피복하면서 종자를 점파하는 방법으로 한국농수산대학에서 창안하여 국내 비닐멀칭 농업기계 생산 전문업체와 산학공동연구하여 제작한 멀칭건답점파 시작기에 생분해 필름 원료 공급 및 성형 전문업체와 협업으로 실증시험을 실시한 결과 멀칭 건답점파기는 필름절단장치, 작업선긋기 장치, 안전장치 등을 보완하여 실용화의 가능성이 인정되어 개발을 완료하였다. 하지만 시험에 사용한 생분해 필름은 두께, 성분조성, 물리성 등이 약한 것으로 사료되었으며 특히 담수환경 논 조건에서 빠른 분해로 발생된 잡초가 필름을 뚫고 올라와 7월 하순 잡초 발생이 심하여 문제점으로 나타나 이에 대한 후속 연구가 요구되었다.

벼 직파 유형별 생육 및 수량 비교 연구 (Comparison of Rice Growth and Yield in Different Direct Seeding Methods)

  • 박광호;박성태
    • 현장농수산연구지
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    • 제19권1호
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    • pp.119-128
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    • 2017
  • 벼 직파재배 유형별(철분 무논점파, 복토 무논점파, 철분 담수산파, 기계이앙-대조구) 생육 및 수량 비교를 위한 포장시험 결과는 다음과 같았다. ① 벼 직파재배 유형별 출아일수는 8~9일 소요되었으며, m2당 입모수는 철분 무논점파>복토 무논점파>철분 담수산파>관행 담수산파 순으로 많았다. 결주율은 복토 무논점파 2.7%, 철분 무논점파 2.0%로 비교적 낮게 나타났다. ② 주요 벼 생육시기별 초장 생육은 무논점파법이 담수산파에 비하여 생육초기 초장이 다소 높게 경과되었으나 파종 후 75일에는 관행 담수산파를 제외한 벼 재배방법에서 통계적 유의성 차이가 인정되지 않았다. ③ 벼 경수 생육은 철분 담수산파에서 가장 높게 경과되었으며 철분 무논점파, 관행 담수산파, 복토 무논점파, 기계이앙 순이었다. ④ 벼 수량구성요소에서 m2당 수수는 철분 담수산파>철분 무논점파>관행 담수산파>복토 무논점파>기계이앙 순으로 많게 나타났다. ⑤ 벼 직파재배 유형별 쌀 수량은 철분 담수산파 640kg/10a, 철분 무논점파 619kg/10a, 기계이앙 601kg/10a, 관행 담수산파 599kg/10a, 복토 무논점파 544kg/10a 순으로 높게 나타났다. ⑥ 현미품위는 완전립 비율이 복토 무논점파 65.8%, 철분 담수산파 65.4%, 철분 무논점파 62.7%, 기계이앙 62.3%, 관행 담수산파 62.2% 순으로 높았다.

Assessment of planting soil temperature and growing degree day impacts on silage corn (Zea mays L.) biomass

  • Moonju Kim;Jiyung Kim;Mu-Hwan Jo;Kyungil Sung;Kun-Jun Han
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • 제66권5호
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    • pp.949-961
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    • 2024
  • The annual forage crop production system, enclosing silage corn (Zea mays L.) and following cool-season annual forage, can enhance forage production efficiency where available land is limited for pasture production. In this forage production system, successful silage corn cultivation has a significant value due to the great yield of highly digestible forage. However, some untimely planting or harvesting of corn due to changing weather often reduces biomass and feeding values. Therefore, a study was conducted to quantify the corn silage biomass reductions by the deviations from optimum planting soil temperature and optimum growing degree day (GDD). The approximations of maximum corn production were estimated based on field trial data conducted between 1978 and 2018 with early, medium, and late-maturity corn groups. Based on weather data, the recorded planting dates and harvest dates were converted into the corresponding trials' soil temperatures at planting (STP) and the GDD. The silage corn biomass data were regressed against STP and GDD using a quadratic function. The maximum biomass point was modeled in a convex upward quadratic yield curve and the optimum STP and GDD were defined as those values at the maximum biomass for each maturity group. Optimized STP was at 16.6℃, 16.2℃, and 15.6℃ for early, medium, and late maturity corn groups, respectively, while optimized GDD at harvest was at 1424, 1363, and 1542℃. The biomass reductions demonstrated quadratic functions by the departures of STP or GDD. The 5% reductions were anticipated when STP departed from the optimum temperature by 2.2℃, 2.4℃, and 1.4℃ for early, medium, and late maturity corns, respectively; the same degree of reductions were estimated when the GDD departed by 200, 180, and 130℃ in the same order of the maturity groups. This result indicates that biomass reductions of late-maturity corn were more sensitive to the departures of STP or GDD than the early-maturity corn. Therefore, early maturing cultivars are more stable in biomass production in a silage corn-winter annual forage crop production system to enhance forage-based livestock production efficiency.

포장재배(圃場栽培) 수도(水稻)의 영양진단(營養診斷) -1. 지엽분석(止葉分析)에 의(依)한 진단(診斷)- (Diagnosis of the Field-Grown Rice Plant -[1] Diagnostic Criteria by Flag Leaf Analysis-)

  • 박훈
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • 제16권1호
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    • pp.18-30
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    • 1973
  • 삼요소(三要素) 단순시험(單純試驗) 포장(圃場)을 대상으로 지엽(止葉) 및 하위엽(下位葉) 분석(分析)에 의(依)한 수도(水稻)의 영양진단(營養診斷) 척도(尺度)를 찾고자 하했던 바 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 어떤 영양(營養)이 결핍(缺定)한 토양(土壞)의 무비구(無認區) 결핍구(缺乏區) 및 시비구(施肥區)에서 유인결핍(誘引缺乏), 염계결핍(鹽界缺乏), 잠재결핍(潛在缺乏) 치사흡수(侈奢吸收) 과잉장해(過剩障害)의 제단계(諸段階) 척도(尺度)를 추정(推定)할 수 있었다. 2. 수확기(收穫期) 지엽중(止葉中) 질소함량(窒素含量)이 1% 이하(以下)이면 유인결핍(誘引缺乏)이고 $1.0{\sim}1.2%가 염계결핍(鹽界缺乏)$1.2{\sim}1.6%이 잠재결핍(潛在缺乏)$1.6{\sim}1.9%가 만족(滿足)영역으로 치사흡수단계(侈奢吸收段階)이고 1.9 이상(以上)에서 장해(障害)를 받는다. 3. 인산(燐酸)(P_2O_5)$은 각단계(各段階)가 0.3% 이하 $0.3{\sim}0.4 $0.4{\sim}0.550.55 이상으로 나타났으며 과잉장해수준(過剩障害水準)은 알 수 없었다. 4. 규산(硅酸)$(SiO_2)$은 4%이하 $4{\sim}6 $6{\sim}11및 11이상(以上)으로 나타났다. 5. 가리(加里)$(K_2O)$는 0.5% 이하(以下) $0.5{\sim}0.9 $0.9{\sim}1.2 $1.2{\sim}1.4 및 1.4 이상(以上)의 장해(障害)영역을 보였다. 6. 지엽중(止葉中) 가리(加里)는 질소(窒素)를 수생육(穗生育)에 기여케한 결과(結果)로 지엽중(止葉中) 질소함량(窒素含量)을 낮추고 지엽중(止葉中)을 줄인다. 7. 인산(燐酸)은 Mg>Si>Mn>K의 순(順)으로 하엽(下葉)에서 지엽(止葉)으로의 이동(移動)을 촉진(促進)하고 Ca>N의 순으로 저지(沮止)하는 반면 가리(加里)는 Mn>Ca의 순으로 촉진(促進)하고 Ma>Si>N의 순(順) 으로 저지(沮止)하였다. 8. 양분전류촉진지수(養分轉流促進指數)는 $(F_2L_1-F_1L_2){\cdot}100/F_1L_1$으로 계산할 수 있는데 한 양분(養分)의 시비량(施肥量)이 타양분(他養分)의 이동(移動)에 대(對)한 영향의 지표(指標)로 적합(適合)하였다. 여기서 F 와 L 은 지엽(止葉) 및 하엽중(下葉中)의 양분농도(養分濃度)를, 2는 비료(肥料)의 시비수준(施賂水準)을 의미(意味)한다. 9. 적기재배(適期栽培)에 비(比)하여 조기재배(早期栽培)는 엽중(葉中) $SiO_2$의 함량(含量)이 하엽(下葉)보다 지엽(止葉)에서 낮아 규산(珪酸)의 흡수(吸收) 및 이동(移動)이 불량(不良)한 것으로 나타났다. 10. 가리결핍답(加里缺乏畓)에서 나타난 호마엽고병(胡麻葉枯病)은 지엽중(止葉中) 가리함량(加里含量)보다 $SiO_2$ 함량(含量)에 더 깊은 관계를 보였다11. 생육(生育)이 불량(不良)한 저수답(低收沓) 수도(水稻)의 엽위별(葉位別) 분석(分析)은 주인(主脚) 영양(營養)을 밝혀를 뿐만 아니라 $2{\sim}3$개의 기타 영양장해(營養障害)가 수반되고 있음을 나타내었다. 12. 문제지역(問遷地域)의 영양장해(營養障害)는 모두 대량원소(大量元素)가 일차적(一次的) 요인(要圍)이며 미량원소(微量元素)는 이차적(二次約)일 것으로 추정(推定)되었다.

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$CO_2$로 포화된 사암의 속도-유효응력 반응 (Velocity-effective stress response of $CO_2$-saturated sandstones)

  • Siggins, Anthony F.
    • 지구물리와물리탐사
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    • 제9권1호
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    • pp.60-66
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    • 2006
  • 세 개의 서로 다른 사암 샘플들 -두 개의 합성 샘플과 한 개의 현장 샘플- 에 대해 현장 저류층의 대표적인 구속압력과 공극압력하에서 초음파 시험이 수행되었다. 세가지 사암 샘플들은 (a) 캘사이트 시멘트(calcite intergranula. cement (CIPS))로 만든 합성사암, (b) 실리카 시멘트(silica intergranular cement)로 만든 합성 사암 (c) Otway Basin 의 Boggy Creek 1 시추공에서 시도되는 $CO_2$ 파일럿 프로젝트의 대상 암석층 중 Waarre 층으로부터 추출한 코아 샘플로 구성되어 있다. 공극률은 각각 32%, 33%, 26%이다. 초기시험은 실내건조(room-dried) 상태에 있는 코아들에 대해 구속응력을 5 MPa 씩 단계별로 65 MPa 까지 증가시키며 이루어졌다. 그리고 나서 모든 코아들에 처음에는 온도 $22^{\circ}C$에서 6 MPa 공극압력으로 기체상의 $CO_2$를, 그 다음에는 온도 $22^{\circ}C$ 에서 7 MPa 부터 17 MPa 까지 5 MPa 씩 증가시키면서 액체상의 $CO_2$를 주입하였다. 구속응력은 10MPa부터 65 MPa까지 달리 하였다. P와 S 초음파 파형들이 유효응력이 증가할 때마다 기록되었다. 속도-유효응력 반응들이 P 파와 S 파에 대해 실험 자료들로부터 계산되었으며, 감쇠(1/Qp)들은 스펙트럼 비 방법을 이용하여 파형들로부터 계산되었다. 각각의 사암들에 대한 이론적인 속도-유효응력 계산은 $CO_2$ 압력-밀도 와 $CO_2$ 체적계수-압력 상 다이어그램(phasediagram), Gassmann 유효 매질 이론(effective medium theory)을 이용하여 구하였다. 기체상의 $CO_2$ 주입은 속도-유효응력에서 건조상태(공기로 포화된 상태)에 비해 거의 무시할만한 변화를 가져왔다. 다양한 공극압력에서 액체상의 $CO_2$ 주입은 공기로 포화된 상태에 비해 속도-유효응력 반응을 평균 약 8% 정도 낮게 한다. 실험자료들은 높은 유효응력에서 Gassmann 계산들과 일치한다. 이러한 이론과 일치하는 "임계" 유효응력은 사암의 종류에 따라 달라진다. 이 차이는 각각의 사암 종류의 미세구조에서 미세 균열 수의 차이에 기인한 것이라 생각된다. 높은 유효응력에서의 이론과 의미있게 일치하였으며, $CO_2$ 주입 시 현장에서의 탄성파 거동을 예상하는데 있어서 어느 정도 확신을 준다.

복숭아순나방(Grapholita molests) 성페로몬 합성과 유인력 교란생물검정 (Chemical Synthesis and Orientation Disruption Bioassay of Sex Pheromone of the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholita molests (Busck))

  • 김용균;배성우;배수일;윤향미;홍용표
    • 한국응용곤충학회지
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    • 제45권3호
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    • pp.309-316
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    • 2006
  • 유기합성 기술을 통해 복숭아순나방(Grapholita molesta)의 성페로몬 세 가지 성분(cis-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z12Ac), trans-8-dodecenyl acetate (E12Ac), cis-8-dodecenol (Z12OH))을 제조하였다. 이중결합 페로몬 성분의 cis 이성질체 비율을 높이기 위해 이 부위의 삼중결합 유도후 $Pd/BaSO_{4}$$-20^{\circ}C$에서 환원시켰다. 최종산물인 아세테이트류의 광학이성체 비율은 92:8(Z:E)을 나타냈다. 이들 합성 페로몬의 생물활성을 검정하기 위해 유인력 분석과 유인력교란 분석으로 나누어 실시되었다. 유인력 분석은 실내에서는 수컷 날개행동유기를 기준으로 분석하였다. 표준구로서 상용 유인제를 이용하였다. 분석 페로몬 조제는 아세테이트류와 알코올류가 각각, 100:0, 99:1, 99:10(g/g)으로 조제하여 비교하였다. 실내 교미 유인력은 100:0에서 가장 높았고, 알코올류가 포함된 조성은 낮은 유인력을 보였다. 야외 유인력은 페로몬 트랩을 이용하였으며, 실내 분석과 같이 100:0에서 가장 많은 수컷 유인력을 나타냈다. 유인력교란 분석은 실내에서 간이모형을 이용하였다. 중앙에 상용페로몬을 끈끈이판에 놓고, 주위 네 방향으로 분석될 페로몬을 설치한 후, 12시간 노출시험을 진행하였다. 이 결과 상용페로몬과 합성페로몬(100:0)은 모두 100% 유인교란 효과를 보였다. 그러나 교란용 페로몬의 숫자가 줄어듬에 따라 유인력교란효과는 낮아지는 현상을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과는 복숭아순나방의 합성페로몬이 생물적 활성을 지니며, 교미교란에 이용될 수 있음을 제시하고 있다.

Evaluation of lines of NERICA 1 introgressed with Gn1a and WFP for yield and yield components as affected by nitrogen fertilization in Kenya

  • Makihara, Daigo;Samejima, Hiroaki;Kikuta, Mayumi;Kimani, John M.;Ashikari, Motoyuki;Angeles-Shim, Rosalyn;Sunohara, Hidehiko;Jena, Kshirod K.;Yamauchi, Akira;Doi, Kazuyuki
    • 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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    • pp.323-323
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    • 2017
  • In many sub-Saharan African countries, boosting rice production is a pressing food security issue. To contribute to the increase in rice production, we have developed lines of NERICA 1 introgressed with the gene for spikelet number, Gn1a, and the gene for primary rachis-branch number, WFP by cross breeding. The performance of rice lines introgressed with the genes for yield related traits can be affected by cultivation environment and management. Thus, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the lines of NERICA 1 introgressed with Gn1a or/and WFP for yield and yield components under different nitrogen fertilization conditions in Kenya. A field trial was conducted at a paddy field in Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Mwea, Kirinyaga County ($0^{\circ}39^{\prime}S$, $0^{\circ}20^{\prime}E$) from August 2016 to January 2017. Eight lines of NERICA 1 introgressed with Gn1a and/or WFP, and their parents, NERICA 1 and ST12, were grown under 0 (NF) and $75(SF)kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. At maturity, five hills per plot were harvested to determine the yield and yield components. The number of primary and secondary rachis-branches per panicle was measured on the longest panicle in each hill. Under SF, the introgression of WFP to NERICA 1 increased the number of primary and secondary rachis-branches by 27 and 25%, respectively. On the other hand, Gn1a did not increase the number of primary rachis-branches, whereas the number of secondary rachis-branches was increased by 38% on average. The number of primary and secondary rachis-branches of the lines introgressed with both genes increased by 25 and 56%, respectively. Although grain number per panicle increased 33% by Gn1a, 34% by WFP, and 43% by Gn1a+WFP, the yield increase by Gn1a, WFP, and Gn1a+WFP was only 14, 7, and 14%, respectively. The suppression of the yield increase was mainly attributed to the decline in the filled grain ratio. Under NF, WFP increased the number of primary and secondary rachis-branches by 20 and 19%, respectively. The introgression of both genes increased the former and the later by 19 and 35%, respectively. However, Gn1a did not change them under NF. Thus, even under NF, grain yield increased 11% by WFP and 24% by Gn1a+WFP due to the increased grain number although filled grain ratio declined. Our findings suggest that the introgression of Gn1a and WFP could contribute to the rice productivity improvement in sub-Saharan Africa even under low fertility conditions. Improving filled grain ratio of the lines introgressed with these genes by further breeding and fertilization management will be the focus of subsequent work.

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Study on the Acceptability and Effectiveness of an Oral Contraceptive Among Iud Drop-outs in Rural Korea

  • Yang, J.M.;Bang, S.;Song, S.W.;Youn, B.B.
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • 제1권1호
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    • pp.51-66
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    • 1968
  • During a period of about one year(November '66 to December '67), the Yonsei University College of Medicine conducted a field trial of the oral contraceptive(Ovulen) in order to study its acceptability and use-effectiveness among IUD drop-outs in Koyang county. We can summarize the outstanding findings from this investigation as follows; 1. 61.4% of the IUD drop-outs interviewed (911 women) wanted to use the pill. Most of the reasons for not wanting to use it(352 women) pertained to either use of other contraceptive methods(98) or subfecundity(150) following IUD terminations. Only 83 out of 911 women gave reasons related to the difficulty of obtaining pills. Therefore, we can state that most IUD drop-outs if still in need of a contraceptive methods are in favor of trying the pill, and especially so if this method is conveniently available. 2. The 467 women or 37% of those who terminated IUD use actually visited the clinic for medical screening, and only 11 of them or 2.4% were rejected because of pregnancy and other medical reasons such as cervical erosion, myoma, breast mass, etc. 5.5% or 25 of the 456 women who received the first cycle did not take a single pill during the study period. 3. When we defined those 431 women who accepted and took one or more tablets we found that women over age 30, with 4 or more children, and/or with a higher educational level were the best prospects for recruitment. 4. In accuracy of use, about two thirds of the users started taking the pill on the 5 th day as directed for the first three cycles, but the percentages rose sharply to about 80% in later cycles. Tardiness in starting pill use in the first cycle may have occurred partly because they had to return to the clinic monthly to get each new cycle. Among acceptors who did not quit between cycles, 80 to 90% were regular users, missing two or less tablets in each cycle. 5) More than 60% of the users felt well and sometimes lost their pre-acceptance symptoms. especially dysmenorrhea. However, 27.4% (58 women) had side effects attributable to the pill compund as nausea, vomiting, indigestion, breast tenderness, decreased lactation or breakthrough bleeding. 25.0% (53 women) also complained of medical diseases or symptoms not related to the pill, especially during the first three cycles. However, as the confidence and experience of the client and the field workers grew, the incidence of unrelated medical complaints quickly fell to a lower level in the later cycles. 6. As of the end of this study, on December 31, 1967, 49.2% (212 women) had discontinued the use of the pill for medical reasons as well as for the non medical reasons. Only one case terminated use due to a pregnancy after taking pills. The cumulative continuation rates (by the life table method), were 58.9%, 51.9%, 41.0% at the end of 3 months, 6 months and one year, respectively. These rates are lower than in the U.S. studies. Even when we add the retaking group to the first segment, the continuation rate goes up only about 5% above the first segment rates mentioned above. Possible explanations are different dosages, the newerness of the method and the use of only one point for pill distribution in the country together with a monthly return for cycle 1, 2, 3, and 4-6.

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