• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.50-62
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• 2002

From modernism to post-modernism, the practice in the design field often reduced the complexity of environment and to remove variety. However, contemporary ideas of space have been changed. The current thought premise is that the environment is mutable and is evolving according to inner and outer forces and elements. Therefore, leading designers recognize that the environment is complex in itself while anticipating a new theory explaining on-going trends. The idea of fold formulated by Gilles Deleuze can provide a theoretical base for new environmental design in constrat to current design practices. The fold is a hybrid by accommodating complex relations within an object. It carries a dynamic world view through continual process and yields a topological space against absolute space like Euclid geometry. The characteristics of the fold can be paraphrased as rhizome, stratification and smooth space. Rhizome forms a non-hierarchial connection like networking in internet space. Stratification is a kind of superimposition of autonomous potential layers within a single object. Smooth space is a free space and event oriented space keeping non-linear form. This study tried to incorporate the idea of fold to environmental design methods and design process in order to make space which can correspond with complex environment and topological form. In the design process adapted to fold theory, rhizome analysis accepts the complexity of environment and stratification strategy embraces the possibility of accidental use. As a result, the designed park carries a monadic image and produces an ambiguous space. Lastly, smooth space makes topological space unlike Euclid geometry and is free space comosed by the user themselves. Transporting the idea of fold into environmental design could be an alterative way for indeterminate and flexible design to accept new identity of place. Therefore, this study accepts the concept of incidental morphogenesis to make space based on the complexity of environment. The designed space based on the idea of fold searches to create free event space determined by user rather than designated by designer.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 2010

Recently, many organizations are actively adopting Enterprise Architecture (EA) as a methodology to manage IT assets and build IT-based business system. However, most existing studies on EA have focused on the adoption stage of EA. Now the research concerning effective management and utilization of EA after adopting EA is keenly required. This study intended to empirically examine how the role of EA operating unit and the EA utilization capability of organizational members impact on EA performance at the post-adoption stage of EA. Based on Resource Based View (RBV), this study proposed the model and the hypotheses describing that the impact of the role of EA operating unit on EA performance is mediated by the EA utilization capability of organizational members. In order to test the hypotheses, the field survey whose respondents were seventy four Korean public agencies which have adopted EA was conducted by means of questionnaire. Data analysis was done with partial least square (PLS), which is a structural equation modeling (SEM) technique that uses a component-based approach to estimation. The results of the empirical analyses showed that the organizational operation ability of EA operating unit significantly influenced EA performance via the EA utilization capability of organizational members, but that EA education and training performed by EA operating unit did not. The results of this study provided a lot of theoretical and practical implications regarding EA management activities at the post-adoption stage of EA to enhance EA performance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.692-703
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to clarify the problems and causes of OSC system of the KCG. In the disaster of sea, the possibility that could expect a reasonable decision making is low. The study has carried out for the different point of view of the problems. The problems have been revealed through the theory and analysis of structural and non-structural aspects for the OSC system, such as inefficient organization system, failure of reasonable decision making, lack of communication with the field. The conclusions of the study have been proposed such as an advanced On-Scene Command system, efficient organization, the training of professional staff, the creating of open organizational culture.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.388-400
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to explore the nine components of computational thinking (CT) practices and their operational definitions from the view of science education and to develop a CT practice framework that is going to be used as a planning and assessing tool for CT practice, as it is required for students to equip with in order to become creative problem solvers in $21^{st}$ century. We employed this framework into the earlier developed STEAM programs to see how it was valid and reliable. We first reviewed theoretical articles about CT from computer science and technology education field. We then proposed 9 components of CT as defined in technology education but modified operational definitions in each component from the perspective of science education. This preliminary CTPF (computational thinking practice framework) from the viewpoint of science education consisting of 9 components including data collection, data analysis, data representation, decomposing, abstraction, algorithm and procedures, automation, simulation, and parallelization. We discussed each component with operational definition to check if those components were useful in and applicable for science programs. We employed this CTPF into two different topics of STEAM programs to see if those components were observable with operational definitions. The profile of CT components within the selected STEAM programs for this study showed one sequential spectrum covering from data collection to simulation as the grade level went higher. The first three data related CT components were dominating at elementary level, all components of CT except parallelization were found at middle school level, and finally more frequencies in every component of CT except parallelization were also found at high school level than middle school level. On the basis of the result of CT usage in STEAM programs, we included 'generalization' in CTPF of science education instead of 'parallelization' which was not found. The implication about teacher education was made based on the CTPF in terms of science education.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-81
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• 2015

Water inrush and mud outburst always restricts the tunnel constructions in mountain area, which becomes a major geological barrier against the development of underground engineering. In view of the complex disaster-causing mechanism and difficult quantitative predictions of water inrush and mud outburst, several theoretical methods are adopted to realize dynamic assessment of water inrush in the progressive process of tunnel construction. Concerning both the geological condition and construction situation, eleven risk factors are quantitatively described and an assessment system is developed to evaluate the water inrush risk. In the static assessment, the weights of eight risk factors about the geological condition are determined using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Each factor is scored by experts and the synthesis scores are weighted. The risk level is ultimately determined based on the scoring outcome which is derived from the sum of products of weights and comprehensive scores. In the secondary assessment, the eight risk factors in static assessment and three factors about construction situation are quantitatively analyzed using fuzzy evaluation method. Subordinate levels and weight of factors are prepared and then used to calculate the comprehensive subordinate degree and risk level. In the dynamic assessment, the classical field of the eleven risk factors is normalized by using the extension evaluation method. From the input of the matter-element, weights of risk factors are determined and correlation analysis is carried out to determine the risk level. This system has been applied to the dynamic assessment of water inrush during construction of the Yuanliangshan tunnel of Yuhuai Railway. The assessment results are consistent with the actual excavation, which verifies the rationality and feasibility of the software. The developed system is believed capable to be back-up and applied for risk assessment of water inrush in the underground engineering construction.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.144-152
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• 2015

In modern city, art museum is regarded as significant institutions because it includes educational roles beyond the means of facilities for historical exhibitions. Based on these flow, various research of museum's space with view from the operational point to the spatial analysis point has been approached. Moreover, it is required to address human behavior in art museum space on the ground that lots of audience move simultaneously. In the field of interior architecture, it is also necessary to analyze how design elements affect the human behavior directly and use the method of controling a circulation. In this research, based on the role and importance of the basic components of the interior space, re-interprets the exhibition space based on the relevant theory, to comprehensively examine the influence the shape of the space is on the substantially walking behavior. Therefore, first is to determine whether the spatial type corresponding to the position of the connectors in the exhibition space. Second is to conduct the investigation observation for gathering the actual viewing exhibition circulation. Finally, it analyzed whether the observed actual circulation and planned circulation matched. As the result, the position of the connectors is that causes the difference of the spatial configuration, which affects the viewing circulation was found. The significance of the research is to present the form to plans of the interior space as a method of reducing congestion perception of viewing circulation.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.32-41
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• 2015

We live in the era of unlimited design competition. As the importance of design is increasing in all areas including marketing, each country does its best effort on design development. However, the preparation on protecting interior design rights by intellectual property laws(IPLs) has not been enough even though they occupy an important place in the design field. It is not quite easy to make a judgement on the similarity between two images having a single common factor because the factors which are composed of interior design have complicated interactive relations between them. From the IPLs point of view, designs with the similar overall appearance are decided to be similar. Objective evaluation criteria not only for designers but also for design examiners and judges are required in order to protect interior design by the IPLs. The objective of this study is the analysis of the possibility that a computer algorithm method can be useful to decide the similarity of interior design images. According to this study, it is realized that the Img2 which is one of content-based image retrieval computer programs can be utilized to measure the degree of the similarity. The simulation results of three descriptors(CEDD, FCTH, JCD) in the Img2 showed the high degree of similar patterns compared with the results of perceptual judgment by observers. In particular, it was verified that the Img2 has high availability on interior design images with a high score of similarity below 60 which are perceptually judged by observers.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 2003

Coronal/non-coronal asymmetry refers to the typological trend wherein coronals rather than non-coronals are more likely targets in place assimilation. Although the phenomenon has been accounted for by resorting to the notion of unmarkedness in formalistic approaches to sound patterns, the examination of rules and representations cannot answer why there should be such a process in the first place. Furthermore, the motivation of coronal/non-coronal asymmetry has remained controversial to date even in the field of phonetics. The present study investigated the listeners' perception of coronal and non-coronal stops in the context of $VC_{1}C_{2}V$ after critically reviewing the three types of phonetic accounts for coronal/non-coronal asymmetry, i.e., articulatory, perceptual, and gestural overlap accounts. An experiment was conducted to test whether the phenomenon in question may occur, given the listeners' lack of perceptual ability to identify weaker place cues in VC transitions as argued by Ohala (1990), i.e., coronals have weak place cues that cause listeners' misperception. 5pliced nonsense $VC_{1}C_{2}V$ utterances were given to 20 native speakers of English and Korean. Data analysis showed that majority of the subjects reported $C_{2}\;as\;C_{1}$. More importantly, the place of articulation of C1 did not affect the listeners' identification. Compared to non-coronals, coronals did not show a significantly lower rate of correct identifications. This study challenges the view that coronal/non-coronal asymmetry is attributable to the weak place cues of coronals, providing evidence that CV cues are more perceptually salient than VC cues. While perceptual saliency account may explain the frequent occurrence of regressive assimilation across languages, it cannot be extended to coronal/non-coronal asymmetry.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the use of dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis of osteoporosis among menopausal and postmenopausal women by using only a CBCT viewer program. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight menopausal and postmenopausal women who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) examination for hip and lumbar vertebrae were scanned using CBCT (field of view: $13cm{\times}15cm;$ voxel size: 0.25 mm). Slices from the body of the mandible as well as the ramus were selected and some CBCT-derived variables, such as radiographic density (RD) as gray values, were calculated as gray values. Pearson's correlation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) evaluation based on linear and logistic regression were performed to choose the variable that best correlated with the lumbar and femoral neck T-scores. Results: RD of the whole bone area of the mandible was the variable that best correlated with and predicted both the femoral neck and the lumbar vertebrae T-scores; further, Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.5/0.6 (p value=0.037/0.009). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy based on the logistic regression were 50%, 88.9%, and 78.4%, respectively, for the femoral neck, and 46.2%, 91.3%, and 75%, respectively, for the lumbar vertebrae. Conclusion: Lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck osteoporosis can be predicted with high accuracy from the RD value of the body of the mandible by using a CBCT viewer program.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.705-712
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• 2018

The tube formation assay is a widely used in vitro experiment model to evaluate angiogenic properties by measuring the formation of tubular structures from vascular endothelial cells (ECs). In vitro experimental results are crucial when considered the advisability of moving forward to in vivo studies. Thus, the additional attentions to the in vitro assay is necessary to improve the quality of the pre-clinical data, leading to better decision-making for successful drug discovery. In this study, we improved the tube formation assay system in three aspects. First, we used human endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), which are endothelial precursors that have a robust proliferative capacity and more defined angiogenic characteristics compared to mature ECs. Second, we utilized a real-time cell recorder to track the progression of tube formation for 48 hours. Third, to minimize analysis error due to the limited observation area, we used image-stitching software to increase the microscope field of view to a $2{\times}2$ stitched area from the $4{\times}$ object lens. Our advanced tube formation assay system successfully demonstrated the time-dependent dynamic progression of tube formation in the presence and absence of VEGF and FGF-2. Vatalanib, VEGF inhibitor, was tested by our assay system. Of note, $IC_{50}$ values of vatalanib was different at each observation time point. Collectively, these results indicate that our advanced tube formation assay system replicates the dynamic progression of tube formation in response to angiogenic modulators. Therefore, this new system provides a sensitive and versatile assay model for evaluating pro- or anti-angiogenic drugs.