• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2022

The mixed cropping system is a centuries-old cropping technique widely practiced in farmers' fields worldwide. Increased plant diversity enhances farmland biodiversity, which improves grain yield and quality. However, the effect of growing different rice cultivars simultaneously has rarely been investigated. In the present study, six glutinous rice cultivars were selected, and two mixture cultivation methods were determined according to plant height, grain yield, and color. Colored and glutinous rice are used for specific purposes by consumers because of their color and nutritive value. Six glutinous rice varieties, including aromatic and colored rice, were included in the combination interplanting trials. The results showed that, compared with the corresponding monocropping systems, almost all combinations of the mixed cropping systems had advantages in yield-related traits. Compared with monocropping systems, mixed cropping systems increased the number of panicles per plant and maturation rate by 20% and 10%, respectively. An increase of 18-20% grain yield was observed in mixed cropping plots compared with that in plots which grew only a single rice variety. Some rice varieties, such as green colored rice 'Nogwonchall' and black colored rice 'Chungpunghukhayangchall', exhibited 18-22% increased yield when they were planted in combinations. The high yields were primarily owing to improved light interception and reduced lodging, although other factors (for example, reduced severity of disease) may have also contributed.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.378-384
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• 2005

Vanillin is one of the world's principal flavoring compounds, and is used extensively in the food industry. The potential vanillin production of the bacteria was compared to select and clone genes which were appropriate for highly productive vanillin production by E. coli. The fcs (feruloyl-CoA synthetase) and ech (enoyl-CoA hydratase/aldolase) genes cloned from Amycolatopsis sp. strain HR104 and Delftia acidovorans were introduced to pBAD24 vector with $P_{BAD}$ promoter and were named pDAHEF and pDDAEF, respectively. We observed 160 mg/L vanillin production with E. coli harboring pDAHEF, whereas 10 mg/L of vanillin was observed with pDAHEF. Vanillin production was optimized with E. coli harboring pDAHEF. Induction of the fcs and ech genes from pDAHEF was optimized with the addition of 13.3 mM arabinose at 18 h of culture, from which 450 mg/L of vanillin was produced. The feeding time and concentration of ferulic acid were also optimized by the supplementation of $0.2\%$ ferulic acid at 18 h of culture, from which 500 mg/L of vanillin was obtained. Under the above optimized condition of arabinose induction and ferulic acid supplementation, vanillin production was carried out with four different types of media, M9, LB, 2YT, and TB. The highest vanillin production, 580 mg/L, was obtained with LB medium, a 3.6 fold increase in comparison to the 160 mg/L obtained before the optimization of vanillin production.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.4019-4023
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• 2016

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) or bowel cancer is one of the most important cancer diseases, needing serious attention. The cell surface receptor gene human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may have an important role in provoking CRC. In this pharmaceutical era, it is always attempted to identify plant-based drugs for cancer, which will have less side effects for human body, unlike the chemically synthesized marketed drugs having serious side effects. So, in this study the authors tried to assess the activity of two important plant compounds, ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid (pCA), on CRC. Materials and Methods: FA and pCA were tested for their cytotoxic effects on the human CRC cell line HCT 15 and also checked for the level of gene expression of EGFR by real time PCR analysis. Positive results were confirmed by in silico molecular docking studies using Discovery Studio (DS) 4.0. The drug parallel features of the same compounds were also assessed in silico. Results: Cytotoxicity experiments revealed that both the compounds were efficient in killing CRC cells on a controlled concentration basis. In addition, EGFR expression was down-regulated in the presence of the compounds. Docking studies unveiled that both the compounds were able to inhibit EGFR at its active site. Pharmacokinetic analysis of these compounds opened up their drug like behaviour. Conclusions: The findings of this study emphasize the importance of plant compounds for targeting diseases like CRC.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.29-36
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• 1997

목재부후균으로 부터 락케이스 효소의 생산 및 유도를 위하여 여러가지 유도약품(inducer)을 사용하였다. 이들 가운데 ferulic acid, pentachlorophenol 및 2,5-xylidine이 매우 높은 락케이스 활성을 나타나게 하였으며, 거의 동일한 유도효과를 보여주었다. 이들 약품 이외에도 sinapic acid, syringic acid 및 coffeic acid 등도 높은 락케이스 활성을 주었는데, 산의 형태가 알데히드류보다도 높은 유도효과를 나타냈다. 그리고 실험한 48개 균주 가운데 38개 균주가 락케이스를 생산하였으며, 이 가운데 32균주가 ferulic acid에 의해 강한 효소유도 활성을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 지금까지 락케이스 효소의 검출이 어려웠던 Abortiporus biennis 및 Gleophyllum odoratum에서도 높은 락케이스 효소의 유도를 가능하게 하였다. 아울러 가장 높은 효소활성을 나타낸 균주로서는 Cerrena unicolor 였으며, 그 락케이스 효소활성이 무처리 및 inducer 첨가시 각각 40,000 및 60,000 nkat/l 정도였다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1991

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a common cultivated and wild deciduous tree in the temperate regions of Pakistan and elsewhere. A bare or poor understorey of wild or cultivated species is frequently observed beneath and around it. Soil analysis indicated insignificant differences in nutrient status of soils taken from areas with or without walnut influence. Field investigations revealed that the height, shoot, fresh and dry weight of potato, turnip, corn and bean significantly decreased in the walnut-influenced parts of the field compared to their counter-parts in the same field but without walnut influence. Aqueous extracts from various parts, shoot litter, natural rain leachates and soil collected from beneath walnut significantly reduced the germination, early seedling growth, fresh and dry weight, and moisture contents of corn, turnip and bean in various laboratory experiments. Ferulic, p-coumaric, caffeic, vanillic, jJ-hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic and gallic acid were identified as the possible allelopathic substances in the aquous extracts and rain leachates of the walnut tree. The findings suggest that the observed poor growth of crops is due to allelopathic effects of walnut.walnut.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.120-124
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• 2000

Differences in phenolic $\infty$mpounds were observed between cultured and mountain ginsengs. Cinnamic acid and p-hydroxy­b benzoic acid in Korean mountain ginseng and Chinese mountain ginseng were much higher than those in Korean ginseng. C Contents of the esculetin in Korean cultured ginseng and Korean mountain ginseng were higher than that in Chinese m mountain ginseng. The highest contents of esculetin in Korean mountain ginseng was$47.2\mu\textrm{g}/g$. Contents of the ferulic acid a and caffeic acid in red $\infty$lored Korean mountain ginseng were higher than any other ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.148-156
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• 1987

Extracellular laccase (E.C. 1.10.3.2) from the culture filtrate of Pleurotus ostreatus was purified by ammonium sulfate precipctation, protamine sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 58,000 and the isoelectric point was 3.75. The optimum temperature for the enzyme was about $45^{\circ}C$ and the optimum pH was 6.5. The enzyme was found to be stable at temperature below $35^{\circ}C$ and rapidly inactivated at higher temperatures. Km values for ferulic acid, vanillic acid, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) were 48.6.$\mu$M, 0.52mM, and 2.73mM, respectively, which indicates that the enzyme has much higher affinity towards ferulic acid. The reaction products of the enzyme were separated by TLC and HPLC.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.721-726
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• 1996

Fatty acid composition and phenolic acid content of rice with different milling fractions were analyzed to provide basic data for nutrition, processing and storage of rice. Major fatty acids of rice were palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids and their respective contents were 20.0%, 33.3% and 43.0% of embryo, 17.3%, 45.1% and 34.5% of rice bran and 23.4%, 26.2% and 46.1% of milled rice. Outer fraction had a high content of oleic acid but a low content of linoleic acid in rice bran. As milling yields increased in milled rice, oleic acid content increased, but palmitic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and linolenic acid contents decreased. Contents of free, esterified and insoluble bound phenolic acid extracts from bran were 321.0mg%, 299.7mg% and 212.4mg%, respectively. Milled rice contained 118.0mg% of free phenolic acids, 56.0mg% of insoluble bound phenolic acids and no esterified phenolic acids. Rice bran contained 86.2% of ferulic acid as a principal phenolic acid. It also contained 35.7~36.6% of sinapic and syringic acids, 16.7% of p-coumaric acid and 0.13% of vanillic acid as minor component. Contents of total phenolic acid, expressed in terms of tannic acid, among rice with different milling fractions was highest in embryo. It was higher in outer fraction in bran, but rarely detected as fractionation of the component with milling in milled rice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.534-540
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• 2005

Activity-guided fractionation of the CH$_2Cl_2$-soluble fraction of the roots of Sophora flavescens furnished five 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scaveng ers: trans-hexadecyl ferulic acid (1) cis-octadecyl ferulic acid (2), trans-hexadecyl sinapic acid (3), (-)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(6aR,11aR)-8, 9-methylenedioxypterocarpan (4) and desmethylanhydroicaritin (8), along with nine known inactive compounds: (-)-maackiain (5), xanthohumol (6), formononetin (7), (2S)-2'-methoxykurarinone (9), (2S)-3${\beta}$,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(${\gamma},{\gamma}$- imethylallyl )-flavanone (10), (2S)-7,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-8- (${\gamma},{\gamma}$-dimethylallyl ) -flavanone (11), umbelliferone (12), kuraridin (13), and trifolirhizin (14). Compounds 1-4 and 8 exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging effects at IC$_{50}$ values of 33.01 ${\pm}$ 0.20, 57.06 ${\pm}$ 0.16, 39.84 ${\pm}$ 0.36, 35.83 ${\pm}$ 0.47, and 18.11 ${\pm}$ 0.04${\mu}$M, respectively. L-Ascorbic acid, when used as a positive control, exhibited an IC$_{50}$ value of 7.39 ${\pm}$ 0.01 ${\mu}$M. Compounds 1-4 and 8 also appeared to exert significant scavenging effects on authentic ONOO-, with IC$_{50}$ values of 5.76 ${\pm}$ 1.19, 15.06 ${\pm}$ 1.64, 8.17 ${\pm}$ 4.97, 1.95 ${\pm}$ 0.29 and 4.06 ${\pm}$ 2.41 ${\mu}$M, respectively. Penicillamine (IC$_{50}$= 2.36 ${\pm}$ 0.79${\mu}$M) was used as a positive control. In addition, compounds 2,4,6,8, and 10 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.560-564
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• 2014

To investigate the natural antioxidant and antimicrobial phytochemicals from black bamboo (Phyllostachys nigra MUNRO) leaves, the solvent fractions from crude methanol extract were made with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were determined. The antioxidant activities were examined by 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method, and the antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus were tested by paper disc agar diffusion method. Total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents of the solvent fractions were also determined. The ethyl acetate fraction with the highest total phenolic contents among all fractions showed the strong antioxidant activities by DPPH method and FRAP method, and antimicrobial activities against S. aureus at all test concentrations. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were analyzed by HPLC in the ethyl acetate fraction from black bamboo leaves by the comparison with the standard chemicals. It is supposed that the ethyl acetate fraction from black bamboo leaves could be used as natural preservatives in the food industry.