• Development and Reproduction
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2013

This study examines the effects on fertilization rate (FR), hatching rate (HR), and normal individual rate after artificial fertilization using frozen thawed sperm according to the cryoprotectant (DMSO) concentration and the period of cryopreserved sperm of longtooth grouper, Epinephelus bruneus. Performing artificial fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm, after freezing the sperm at different DMSO concentration of 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0% respectively, FR were (DMSO 5.0%: $99.5{\pm}0.8%$, DMSO 7.5%: $99.5{\pm}0.7%$, and DMSO 10.0%: $99.6{\pm}0.6%$). The results are not significantly different from the control fresh sperm (100%). HR also (DMSO 5.0%: $96.2{\pm}2.3%$, DMSO 7.5%: $95.3{\pm}3.6%$, 10.0%: $96.6{\pm}1.8%$) were not significantly different in each group. The normal individual rate after hatching using with control fresh sperm ($98.4%{\pm}0.5$) and DMSO concentration level of 5.0% ($97.8{\pm}0.1%$) were not significantly different. However, with 7.5% ($97.2{\pm}0.6%$) and 10.0% DMSO concentrations ($95.9{\pm}0.2%$) are lower than the normal individual rate after hatching observed in the control and 5.0% DMSO. Performing artificial fertilization using frozen-thawed sperm at different frozen period (2 days, 2 years, and 3 years), 10% DMSO FR and HR of 3 years (FR; $66.8{\pm}1.8%$, HR: $82.0{\pm}12.9%$) and 2 years (FR; $78.5{\pm}14.8%$, HR: $79.3{\pm}0.6%$) cryopreserved sperm were lower than control (FR; 100%, HR: $91.1{\pm}3.6%$) and 2 days cryopreserved sperm (FR; $99.6{\pm}0.6%$, HR: $96.6{\pm}1.8%$). These results suggest suitable DMSO concentration ranges of cryopreservation sperm for E. bruneus is 5 to 10% and with 2 to 3 years cryopreservation period, cryopreservation sperm can be useful for seed production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.372-380
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: This study was carried out in order to closely examine the influence of fertilization upon growth in container of seedling in indeciduous Quercus species (Q. mysinaefolia, Q. acuta and Q. glauca). METHODS AND RESULTS: Fertilizer level was made by adjusting water soluble compound fertilizer (N:P:K=19: 19:19, v/v) to 1000, 2000, $3000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ level along with non-fertilizing plot. Fertilization increased height, root collar diameter growth, and dry weight in these three species of trees. The more increase in fertilizer level led to the more rise even in growth of these species. H/D ratio and T/R ratio also showed tendency of getting bigger in the more rise in fertilizer level. Photosynthetic rate was shown to get higher in the higher fertilizer level according to fertilization in all the three species. In the analysis of root morphological traits, the total root length was surveyed to be longer in the more rise in fertilizer concentration. As even a case of root project area, surface area, and root volume is the similar tendency to characteristics in the total root length, a rise depending on fertilization was observed. CONCLUSION: In light of the results in this experiment, the fertilizer level is judged to be $2000mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ level that is proper for production of 1-year-old container seedling in indeciduous Quercus species with excellent root development and high seedling quality index.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of porcine artificial insemination (A·I) on fertilizing capacity using intrauterine inseminator (IUI) method and conventional A·I (CAI) method. Number of sows used in this study was 15 far IUI and 59 fur (CAI), respectively. The results obtained are as fellows: 1 . The frozen and liquid semen used for A·I showed the higher farrowing rate in liquid semen (86.4%) than frozen semen (67%). Number of pigs born per semen type showed the higher values of number of piglets with no statistical significance using frozen semen (9.7) than liquid semen (9.3). 2. The farrowing rate per parity was highest in the 3∼5th parities (100%), f311owe4 by 0∼ 2th parities (60%), and was the smallest in 6 ∼ 10th parities (25%). Number of pigs born per litter was highest in 0∼2th parities (11.3), followed by 3 ∼ 5th parities (9.2) and lowest in 6∼ 10th parities. In the number of pigs bort per litter, the sow s in the high parities delivered lower number of piglets than those in low parities with no significant difference. These results indicated that fertilizing capacity could be improved by using IUI method.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.301-314
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• 2005

Objective: Rebamipide is a propionic acid derivative that has an action of the inhibition of superoxide production and removal of hydroxyl radical with the sperm incubation and cryopreservation. In the present study, to investigate whether rebamipide is useful to treat male infertility and sterility, the author observed the antioxidative effects in patient with male infertility and also examined its absorption and distribution in rat genital organ. Methods: To measure the distribution of rebamipide in reproductive organ in the rat, carbon indicated rebamipide, $^{14}C-OPC-12759$, was orally administered to 10 Spraque-Dawley rats and its organ concentration in serum, liver, kidney, stomach, duodenum, colon, urinary bladder, seminal vesicle, epididymis and testicle were measured each time after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours by using HPLC fluorescent method. The concentrations in semen were measured by HPLC fluorescent method in a sample of 50 infertile males who took 900 mg of rebamipide daily for 3 months. To measure the antioxidative effect and fertility rate for 3 months, each month before and after the treatment, sperm motility, vitality, the oxygen free radical formation, level of peroxidation, fetilizing capacity of semen sample which were obtained from infertile male patients by masturbation after at least 48 hours abstinence were analyzed by computer assisted semen analyzer, eosin-nigrosin stain, chemiluminescence, thiobarbituric acid method and hypo-osmotic swelling test. Simultaneously in a sample that wanted baby, both pregnancy and delivery were researched. Results: The $^{14}C-OPC-12759$ concentration in the body of white rats was highest in gastrointestinal organ like stomach, smal intestine and duodenum and followed by genital organ like seminal vesicle, testis and epididymis. The rebamipide concentration in semen of infertile males was $220.77{\pm}327.84ng/mL$ (SD) which showed a large deviation but it was higher than serum which was $126{\pm}76ng/mL$ (SD). In the infertile males, after the treatment with rebamipide, the level of seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation have significantly decreased in duration of the treatment (p<0.05) and sperm vitality and fertilizing capacity except sperm motility significantly improved on post treatment of 2~3 months (p<0.05). Out of the 41 cases who hoped for pregnancy, 15 cases (36.6%) became pregnant and 12 cases had childbrith, 2 cases had miscarriage and one case is ongoing. The side effect was observed in 1 case (2%) which experienced diarrhea but it was lost spontaneously. Conclusions: We conclude from this study that rebamipide showed relatively high tendancy of absorption and excretion in the genital organ. In infertile males who had elevated ROS in semen, by specifically inhibiting the cell damage from the antioxidation, a way to preserve sperm motility, vitality and fertilizing capacity was confirmed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2002

This research was designed to know optimize soil sampling time, soil sampling depth and fertilizers according to season and soil condition in the golf course. One of the results was revealed that sampling point and depth have to be consistent for much fluctuation by sampling. Especially, Soil pH is decreased by soil depth remarkably. Top soil (0-5 cm depth) pH is higher than the sub soils (5-10 cm, 10-15 cm depth). It was confirmed that soil pH would increase when the state of soil is appropriate to H$^{+}$ ion concentration. Therefore, Soil pH modification is always not determined by lime content rather than soil conditions, i.e., Organic matter content, moisture content, and soil air content. More effective fertilizing time according to soil pH correction is the middle of october, and it's quantity is 100 g/$m^2$ silicate and 200 g/$m^2$ lime (Pel-Lime Mini) in this experiment. Recommended soil sampling method for acidity measurement is dividing by soil depth into each 5 cm respectively, rather than mixing 15 cm total soil.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 1993

Procedures to separate motile. normal & motile and acrosome-reacted sperm with high efficiency have clinical application in Assisted Reproductive Technology in terms of increasing the probability of fertilization by a normal sperm and subsequent normal embryonic development. This study evaluated the effects of 10 sperm preparation techniques [Swim-up from a washed pellet (SU). Swim-up from semen (SO). Continuous Percoll Gradients I (PIC). Discontinuous Percoll Gradients I (PID). Continuous Percoll Gradients II(P II C). Discontinuous Percoll Gradients II(P II D), SpermPrep (SFC). Wang's tube (WT). Albumin Gradients (AG), Low temperature capacitation (LTC)] on motility (%), normal morphology (%), motile sperm recovery rate(%). morphologically normal & motile sperm recovery rate (%), true acrosome reaction (%) and fertilizing ability. A P II D proved to be an effective means of separating morphologically normal & motile sperm. Our results indicated the P II D has advantages as compared with other methods in terms of recovery rate. enhancement of motility and normal morphology. And a LTC seems to be an effective means of enhancing the true acrosome reaction and fertilizing ability. These results suggest that the combined method of LTC and P II D for separation of morphologically normal & motile sperm and acrosome reacted sperm may be a useful procedure for intrauterine insemination and in vitro fertilization in the management of male factor infertility as well as for isolation of subpopulation of sperm for basic research.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.103-108
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• 1993

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of pre-cultivation of chines milk vetch (Astragulas sinicus L.) on rice (Oryza sativa L, cv. Daecheongbye) growth and development. This experiment treatments were conducted by eight ; control 1 (stardard fertilizer ; N:P:K=0.3:0.2:0.2g/pot), control 2 (none fertilizer), root of C.M.V (chines milk vetch), shoot of C.M.V, whole plant of C.M.V, and root, shoot and whole plant of C.M.V+fertilizing N. Plant hight of rice was more than that control 1 in maximum tillering stage, heading stage and ripening stage. Tillering numbers per hill were the most in whole plant of C.M.V+fertilizing as whole growth and development period. And panicle per hill, spikelet per paincle, filled grain ratio and 1,000 grain weight were more in fertilized C.M.V than those control 1.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 1998

The aim of these experiments was to investigate the effects of oviduct epithelial cells on bovine in vitro fertilization. Oviduct epithelial cell monolayers (OEC) on the 4-well dish were prepared according to general procedures. Monolayers were formed within 5days. The medium for OEC culture (TCM199 with 10% FBS) was replaced with IVF-TALP 2h before each experiment. Macromolecules/proteins from oviductal conditioned medium (OM) were recovered by ultrafiltration, which desalted and concentrated macromolecules greater than 5kDa, and this OM were added to W medium (experiment 1). The cleavage rate in OM+OEC group was significantly higher than in OM group (p〈0.01). In this experiment 2, oocytes were inseminated on OEC with sperm which had been pre-incubated with OEC for 0 or 4h before insemination. In this experiment, oocytes were exposed to sperm only 8 h for clarifying the effect. After insemination, oocytes were cultured in CRlaa. At 42 h post insemination, oocytes were denuded and examined for evidence of cleavage. The cleavage rates of oocytes which were inseminated with OEC treated sperm for 4 h were significantly higher than those of the other group (p〈0.01). In conclusion, sperm released from OEC have more fertilizing ability than those before attachment.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.380-387
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of the content of soil chemical components and growth characteristics in five years old ginseng affected by application of manure in paddy-converted field. As all livestock manure regardless of kinds increased along with the whole soil chemical component, including the pH and EC in 2008. Change in the EC of control plot was slightly increased but not exceeded 1 ds/m over the years. However, the changes in the EC of livestock manure regardless of kinds and amounts were highly increased and irregularly exceeded 1.5 ds/m in 2012. The 5 years old ginseng root fresh weight, treatment of fertilizing pig manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (PMC 4t on/10a) and fowl manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (FMC 4 ton/10a), were superior to the others. But there were no difference between PMC 4 ton/10a, FMC 4 ton/10a and control. The standing crop rate 39.6%, treatment of fertilizing cattle manure compost 4 ton per 10 areas (CMC 4 ton/10a), was best in all livestock manure. However that was relatively lower than control. Physiological disorder occurrence rates of livestock manure related with leaf and root of ginseng were also higher than that of control. If excessively using non-decomposed livestock manure, It would be caused physiological disorder in many ways. It is a big problem to be producing the quality ginseng. More research is needed to find out the economic and effective fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.314-317
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• 1997

This study was carried out to determine the effect of various fertilizer levels on the growth and yield of Scutellaria baicalensis Georg cultivated after the barley in the southern coastal areas of Korea under the non-mulching condition by direct sowing culture. The flowering date of medium dressing plot $(N\;:\;P_2O_5\;:\;K_2O=9\;:\;13.5\;:\;9 kg/10a)$ and heavy dression plot $(N\;:\;P_2O_5\;:\;K_2O=12\;:\;18\;:\;12kg/l0a)$ were July 23. The flowering date of the medium and the heavy dressing plot was delayed by 3days compared with that of non-fertilizing plot. The growth characteristics such as stem length, diameter of main stem, number of branch per plant, main root length, main root thickness and dry weight of stem leaves were more increased at medium dressing plot than that of other fertilizer levels. The root dry weight of in Scutellaria baicalensis Georg cultivated after barley was highest at the fertilizing plot of N, $P_2O_5\;:\;K_2O$ = 9 : 13.5 : 9kg/10a. The dried-root yield was 178kg in medium dressing plot, 167kg in standard dressing pot, and 126kg in non-dressing plot. The dried-root yield of medium dressing plot was 7% and 41% higher than that of standard dressing pot and non-dressing control plot, respectively.