• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.260-266
• /
• 2008

Small lysimeter experiment under rain shelter plastic film house was conducted to investigate the effect of soil characteristics on the leaching and soil solution concentration of nitrate and phosphate. Three soils were obtained from different agricultural sites of Korea: Soil A (mesic family of Typic Dystrudepts), Soil B (mixed, mesic family of Typic Udifluvents), and Soil C (artificially disturbed soils under greenhouse). Organic-C contents were in the order of Soil C ($32.4g\;kg^{-1}$) > Soil B ($15.0g\;kg^{-1}$) > Soil A ($8.1g\;kg^{-1}$). Inorganic-N concentration also differed significantly among soils, decreasing in the order of Soil B > Soil C > Soil A. Degree of P saturation (DPS) of Soil C was 178%, about three and fifteen times of Soil B (38%) and Soil A (6%). Prior to treatment, soils in lysimeters (dia. 300 mm, soil length 450 mm) were tabilized by repeated drying and wetting procedures for two weeks. After urea at $150kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ and $KH_2PO_4$ at $100kg\;P_2O_5\;ha^{-1}$ were applied on the surface of each soil, total volume of irrigation was 213 mm at seven occasions for 65 days. At 13, 25, 35, 37, and 65 days after treatment, soil solution was sampled using rhizosampler at 10, 20, and 30 cm depth and leachate was sampled by free drain out of lysimeter. The volume of leachate was the highest in Soil C, and followed by the order of Soils A and B, whereas the amount of leached nitrate had a reverse trend, i.e. Soil B > Soil A > Soil C. Soil A and B had a significant increase of the nitrate concentration of soil solution at depth of 10 cm after urea-N treatment, but Soil C did not. High nitrate mobility of Soil B, compared to other soils, is presumably due to relatively high clay content, which could induce high extraction of nitrate of soil matrix by anion exclusion effect and slow rate of water flow. Contrary to Soil B, high organic matter content of Soil C could be responsible for its low mobility of nitrate, inducing preferential flow by water-repellency and rapid immobilization of nitrate by a microbial community. Leached phosphate was detected in Soil C only, and continuously increased with increasing amount of leachate. The phosphate concentration of soil solution in Soil B was much lower than in Soil C, and Soil A was below detection limit ($0.01mg\;L^{-1}$), overall similar to the order of degree of P saturation of soils. Phosphate mobility, therefore, could be largely influenced by degree of P saturation of soils but connect with apparent leaching loss only more than any threshold of P accumulation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.41 no.5
• /
• pp.354-361
• /
• 2008

In this study, we analyzed nutrient cycling structure of a small farm (cattle of 100 heads and arable lands of 2.5 ha) in Jeonnam province to investigate the effects of nutrients input by the addition of bedding materials (sawdust and rice hull) and nutrients loss before the application to the soils (the period during manure storage in the feedlot and composting process) on nutrient cycling structure. Sawdust and rice hull added as bedding materials increased N by 1.6% and 14.2% and $P_2O_5$ by 3.1% and 27.4%, respectively, relative to the amount of nutrients produced by excretion. This result suggests that the addition of nutrients via bedding materials should be considered for better estimation of nutrient balance. The most significant characteristics of the nutrient cycling structure was loss of mass and nutrients during the storage (21 days) and composting period (90 days). During this period, 78.4% of N and 9.5% of $P_2O_5$ was lost from sawdust compost; meanwhile, the percentages of loss for rice hull compost were 81.6% and 10.3%, respectively. A lower percentage of nutrients loss in sawdust compost than that in rice hull compost was attributed to the relatively slow decomposition rate of organic materials in the sawdust compost which has higher C/N ratio and lignin contents. Therefore, it was concluded that estimation of nutrient balance should be conducted based on nutrient contents in the final compost being applied to the lands rather than the amount of nutrients contained in the livestock excretion. In addition, the effects of bedding materials on nutrient losses should be also taken into account.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.354-364
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to examine the potential of inducing salinity stress on cylindrical paper pot tomato seedlings to inhibit overgrowth. Potassium fertilizers, sulfate of potash (K₂SO₄), muriate of potash (KCl), and monopotassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄), were prepared as two solutions of (5 and 10) dS·m^-1 salinity level, respectively, to investigate the influence on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedling growth. We also investigated the adaptability and survivability of treated tomato seedlings with high-salinity potassium (10 dS·m^-1 KCl) to harsh environmental conditions (water deficit, low temperature, and storage conditions). Repeated addition of high-salinity level KCl, K₂SO₄, or KH₂PO₄ markedly decreased the dry matter of shoot and root, leaf area, and net assimilate rates (NAR) but increased the stem diameter of seedlings. Among the three sources, the relative growth rate of plant height (RGR_H) was most sensitive to KCl addition; increasing salinity levels of KCl solution decreased the RGR_H of seedlings. The compactness, which directly reflects the stocky growth index, increased in KCl or KH₂PO₄ treatments. After a week's water deficit, severely wilted seedlings were observed in control seedlings (untreated with KCl), but no wilted seedlings were observed in the KCl treated seedlings, and the relative water content (RWC) of the untreated seedlings significantly decreased by 23 %, while that of the pretreated seedlings only decreased by 8 %. The increase in ion leakage of KCl treated seedlings at low temperatures was less than that of untreated seedlings. Furthermore, there was far lower damage proportion on pretreated seedlings at (9, 12, and 15)℃ storage temperatures after 20 days, compared with on unpretreated seedlings. Our results suggest that high-salinity potassium fertilizer, especially KCl, is effective in preventing tomato seedling overgrowth, while it also improves tolerance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.61 no.4
• /
• pp.290-296
• /
• 2016

Green manure has been used as alternative to chemical fertilizer. To evaluate the effect of green manure on the chemical properties of top-soil and sorghum yield, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth, HV), manure barley (MB), and a mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley (HV+MB) were incorporated into the soil at a rate of $100kg-N\;N\;ha-1$ before the sorghum was transplanted. Total biomass of sorghum grown in the HV, MB, and HV+MB treatments was 13.1, 31.6, and $25.2t\;ha^{-1}$, respectively, and the nitrogen production of the treatments was 81, 74, and $145kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. The SPAD value of the uppermost leaf of sorghum plants grown in the soils with HV, MB, or HV+MB were very similar until heading stage; however, at maturity, the SPAD value of sorghum cultivated in the soils with HV was lower than that of sorghum in the soils with MB or HV+MB. This could be because the nitrogen release from HV was too rapid to supply nitrogen to sorghum during the later stage of grain filling. Compared with chemical fertilizers, the incorporation of green manure increased the pH, exchangeable cations ($K^+$, $Mg{^{+}^{+}}$, and $Ca{^{+}^{+}}$), and total nitrogen in soil postharvest, indicating an improvement in soil chemical properties. Total carbon content increased in soil with green manure incorporated, but decreased in the chemical fertilized soil, suggesting that sorghum cultivation using green manure may sequester carbon in soils. The yield of sorghum cultivated with green manure was not different from the yield of sorghum cultivated with chemical fertilizers. These results suggest that the mixture of hairy vetch and manure barley can be a useful chemical fertilizer alternative in sorghum cultivation.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.247-253
• /
• 1985

In order to investigate the effects of water temperature on chemical properties of soil and nutrient uptake of rice plant, four varieties of rice were cultivated in a field where water temperature range was $17.3-23.0^{\circ}C$ and plant samples were taken at three growing stages and were analyzed in detail. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Organic matter content and pH of surface soil were showed no differences while the contents of $P_2O_5$ and $SiO_2$ were increased and potassium was decreased as the water temperature increased. 2. The amounts of nutrient uptake were related to the water temperature and the total nutrient contents of rice plants at harvesting stage were in order of $SiO_2$ > $K_2O$ > T-N > $P_2O_5$ > MgO. The rate of $SiO_2$/N and $K_2O$/N of rice plants grown at water temperature $23.0^{\circ}C$ were over two times to those of the water temperature $17.3^{\circ}C$. 3. Nutrient contents of rice plants showed a increasing tendency as increasing the water temperature. However, nutrient contents such as T-N at whole period, $P_2O_5$ at heading and harvesting stage, and $K_2O$ at heading stage were higher at low water temperature than those of high water temperature. 4. Most of nitrogen was translocated and accumulated in grain, potassium in straw respectively. All nutrients translocated to grain more easily as the water temperature increased.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.145-160
• /
• 1979

The effects of organic material application on soil physical properties were reviewed in relation to soil productivity. The organic matter contents and soil physical properties of the cultivated land in Korea were summarized and the effects of organic matter were compared in terms of land uses and soil types. Soil physical properties related to crop yield potential, such as soil aggregation, permeability, water holding capacity, erodibility, and compactibility, were used in evaluating the effects of organic materials as a soil physical amendment. The benefical effects of organic matter addition on soil physical conditions include (1) better aeration and increased infiltration in silty and clayey soils, (2) increased water holding capacity and moisture availability in sandy soils, (3) decreased soil erodibility, and (4) increased resistance to compaction. It is, therefore, concluded that continuous application of organic materials could greatly improve the various soil physical properties and favor the growth and yield of crops. A high rate of organic matter addition could contribute to reducing not only the soil erosion on sloping land, but also the possible detrimental effect of farm mechanization. In general, the effects of organic matter on soil physical improvement were estimated to be much higher in upland than in paddy. Organic matter would have a more pronounced effect on low productive lands such as heavy clayey or sandy soils and newly reclaimed soil. The optimum level of soil organic matter content was estimated to be about 3.0 to 3.5% for the best soil physical condition. Since the organic matter contents of the cultivated lands in Korea are much lower than optimum level, it would be desiable to use more organic materials to soil for the increase of soil productivity, continuation of stabilized high productivity and soil erosion control.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.312-317
• /
• 1985

Growth response and nutrients uptake of tobacco grown on mulched and non mulched plots were investigated during the growing period. 1. The whole growing time was about 25 days shorter and relative growth rate was faster in the mulched plot than in the non mulched plot. 2. Nitrate content of leaf in the latter stage of tobacco grown on the non mulched plot was more continuously increased compared with mulched plot. As a result in the latter stage of tobacco leaf nitrate form of nitrogen level was much higher on non mulched plot than on mulched plot. 3. Reducing sugar content in cured leaves of tobacco grown on the non mulched plot was lower that of the mulched plot. This difference in reducing sugar content was remarkable in the bottom leaves that nitrate content was highest. 4. Tobacco growing on nonmulched soil may cause to be low quality owing to increasing of nitrogen compound and decreasing of reducing sugar content in cured leaves. 5. As distributions of nitrate and potassium content in leaves at different stalk position was similar each other, nitrate and potassium ion considered to be counter ion in absorption and translocation through the tobacco plant.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.432-445
• /
• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of nutrition loss in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils, while the clay loam and sandy loam soils were used for laboratory experiments. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : The loss of nutrients in the form of cation and anion by run-off water increased with the increase of compost application rate. Compared with bare soils, maize cultivation decreased the nutrient loss by run-off from soils by 43% in anionic form and 32% in cationic form. Amount of cation loss were ordered $K^+$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $NH_4{^+} $ and that of anion loss were ordered $SO_4{^{2-}}$ > $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > $PO_4{^{3-}}$. Nutrient loss of sand loam soil in the cation and anion by percolation water increased 1.7 times compared with loam soil. $NO_3{^-}-N$ contents in percolated water were high at the initial stage after compost application, and the amounts were higher in sandy loam soil than loam soil. The maize cultivation also decreased the $NO_3{^-}-N$ contents in percolated water by 82% in loam soil, and 58% in sand loam soil. Soil pH of composts determined by laboratory incubation test increased pH 6.1~6.8 application with poultry and cow manure compost but application with human excrement sludge decreased pH 4.5~4.7. Soil EC were increased initially composts application and decreased up to 2 weeks, thereafter kept a certain level. Nitrogen mineralization rates of composts determined by laboratory incubation test at $25^{\circ}C$ were 39~76% in sandy loam soil, and 16~48% in clay loam soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.307-312
• /
• 2005

Since alpine upland in Pyungchang-gun has been typically applied every two or three years with saprolite, agricultural by-products are inputted to raise soil properties. Therefore, the effect of saprolite application on water quality in runoff and leachate should be monitored. To investigate water quality in runoff and leachate with various treatments of agricultural by-product, lysimeter with dimension of $0.85m{\times}1.75m{\times}0.30m$ was installed in Kangwon National University. Control, mixed compost with cow, chicken and sawdust by-product (CCSC), chicken manure by-product compost (CC), food waste by-product compost (FWC), and beer sewage sludge by-product compost (BSSC) at the rate of $10Mg\;ha^{-1}$ were mixed with soil in 25 cm depth, and water qualities in runoff and leachate were monitored from Jun. 4, 2004 to Oct. 18, 2004. EC ($0.8-2.2dS\;m^{-1}$) and concentrations of total N ($25-75mg\;L^{-1}$) and total P ($0.12-0.43mg\;L^{-1}$) were highest in both runoff and leachate of CC treatment. EC values in CC and FWC treatments continuously increased during lysimeter experiment, while total N and total P concentrations continuously decreased. Average total N concentrations in runoff taken from CCSC, FWC and BSSC treatments were 41, 34 and $37mg\;L^{-1}$, and in leachate were 35, 28 and $34mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Average total P concentrations were not different with different treatments. EC values in leachate were higher than those in runoff, and total N concentrations in runoff were higher than those in leachate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.170-176
• /
• 2008

This study was carried out to improve density of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) propagule and physiochemical properties of soil by planting crops at the preplanning field for ginseng cultivation. Winter crops, such as barley and rye and summer crops, such as sudangrass and soybean were cultivated in combination to improve AMF propagation and soil aggregation at the fields. Yield of harvested crops by plating with winter or/and summer crops was $3,045kg\;10a^{-1}$ of the only rye cultivation, $2,757kg\;10a^{-1}$ of sudangrass cultivation in combination with rye growing (rye/sudangrass) and $1,628kg\;10a^{-1}$ of soybean cultivation in combination with barley growing (barley/soybean), respectively. Soil aggregation rate was improved by cultivation with barley (45.7%) and with rye/sudangrass (45.1%), respectively. The density of AMF spores in soil was increased slowly by cultivating with winter crops. In summer crops cultivation system, density of AMF spores at sudangrass cultivated field was $64.0spores\;g^{-1}$ dried soil and it was higher than that at soybean cultivated field. External hyphae length (EHL) was $1.5{\sim}2.0m\;g^{-1}$ air-dried soil at winter crops cultivated field. However, in summer crops cultivation systems, EHL was $2.6{\sim}2.9m\;g^{-1}$ airdried soil at sudangrass cultivated field and was $1.7{\sim}2.2m\;g^{-1}$ air-dried soil at soybean cultivated filed, showing these were higher than those in non-cultivated field (control). Glomalin content of soil cultivated with crops was higher than that of control soil. Especially, the highest glomalin content was shown to $1.7m\;g^{-1}$ air-dried soil in the barley/soybean cultivation systems. These results suggested that the most effective soil management to improve AMF propagule density and soil physical properties by planting crops system was cultivating sudangrass followed by barley at the preplanning fields for ginseng cultivation.