• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.834-843
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• 2011

Bacterial diversity was studied using PCR-DGGE, cloning and sequencing. DNA was isolated from digesta samples from stomach, ileum and colon of 28 weaned piglets (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) fed dry control feed, naturally fermented liquid feed (FE) and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue feed. General bacterial diversity was described using DGGE analysis of the V3 region of 16S rDNA. The microbial populations in the stomach and the ileum were considerably influenced by the diet, while only marginal effects were observed in the colon. There was a large variation of the microbial flora in the stomach between individuals fed non-fermented diets. In contrast, animals fed diet FE had a more uniform microbial flora in the stomach and the ileum compared to the other diets. In total 47 bands from the DGGE profiles were cloned. In stomach, most frequently lactic acid bacteria were found. Feeding diet FE resulted in the occurrence of Pediococcus species in stomach and ileum. In pigs fed the other diets, Lactobacillus gallinarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus fermentum were found in stomach and ileum. Most of the sequences of bands isolated from colon samples and several from ileum matched to unknown bacteria, which often grouped within Prevotellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae. This study demonstrates that fermented liquid feed affects bacterial diversity and the specific microflora in stomach and ileum, which provides a potential to modulate the gut microflora with dietary means to increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria and improve piglets' health.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.511-515
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• 2000

Early weaning is a means of breaking the disease cycle from sow to piglet as well as capitalising on the enormous growth potential of the pig. However, the transition from milk to dry diets results in a growth check. Feeding of supplemental milk, fermented to reduce pH and enterotoxigenic bactetial proliferation, may be a means of gradually weaning pigs on to solid feed. This study involved 216 pigs weaned from the sow at 12 days of age, allocated to groups of 6 males and 6 females per weaner pen and allowed ad libitum access to a pelleted diet. In addition, half the pigs were given supplemental fermented skim milk for the first 8 days after weaning. Feeding supplemental fermented milk increased feed intake (104 vs. 157 g DM/d, p=0.011), average daily gain (-3 vs. 112 g/d, p<0.001) and feed conversion efficiency (0.01 vs. 0.81, p=0.003) over the first 8 days after weaning. The improvements observed in the supplemented pigs continued to be augmented such that, by 42 days of age, the pigs that had received supplemental fermented milk were heavier (9.6 vs. 11.5 kg, p=0.003) than their unsupplemented counterparts. Feeding fermented supplemental milk to early-weaned pigs can improve growth performance in the immediate and subsequent post-weaning period.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.157-166
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• 1973

Fermented feed using rice, barley, wheat, and defatted rice brans as the raw materials were prepared by 3 species of wild yeasts which were selected among 35 strains of yeasts isolated, and their analytical values were examined. The results were as follows : 1. The three yeasts were identified as H.amomala var. anomala (No.225), Candida utilis (No.400), and Irpex-cellulase(consors) (no.403-A). 2. The optimum pH, and sugar concentration of these yeasts in liquid culture were pH 5.0 and Bllg. 10.deg. each. The optimum temperature was 30.deg.C for No.225 and No.403-A, 25.deg.C for No.400. The No.225 and No.403-A grow at higher temperature than 37.deg.C and 40.deg.C each. 3. The No.225 yeast had a large vegetative cell and strong sugar fermentability. The No.225 and 403-A could assimilate cellobiose, xylose, $KNO_2$ and $KNO_3$. These properties were fit for bran fermentation. 4. The No.403-A microorganism was a yeast-like microbe and showed cellulase activity which might help the propagation of other yeasts on the brans. 5. The analytical data of fermented feed indicated the following order of usable value ; rice-wheat-barley bran 4:4:2, rice-wheat bran 5:5, rice-barley bran 5:5, rice-defatted rice bran 5:5. 6. the fermented feed were prepared by mixing brans, 0.3% ammonium sulfate and 5%(w/w) inoculum of yeast suspension in 4% glucose solution. Water content 70-80%, fermentation temperature 25-30.deg.C, and fermentation time 2-3 days were given. 7. The rice-wheat bran 5:5 and rice-barley bran 5:5 fermented feed showed 11, 17-11.45% protein increase, and the rice-barley-wheat bran 4:4:2 and rice-defatted bran 5:5 showed 3.75-6.03% protein increase. 8. The fermented feed prepared in this experiment by the author might work as a nutritive feed using microbial cell body, enzymes produced by microbes and other microbial cell constituents.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.634-643
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• 2023

The effects of dietary supplementation with fermented blood meal (FBM) in two forms were evaluated on the growth performance, hematological parameters, innate immune response, antioxidant capacity, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal histology of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. A commercial powder feed was used as a basal diet (Con). Six other diets were prepared by supplementing 2, 4 and 6% FBM either in powder or liquid form to the Con diet (designated as P2, P4, P6, L2, L4 and L6, respectively). In total 420 eels (initial mean body weight: 55.1±1.71 g) were distributed into 21 tanks (450L) at a density of 20 eels per tank. Three replicate groups of fish were fed one of the seven diets twice daily for 12 weeks. No significant differences were observed in the growth performance and survival among all groups. Fish fed FBM-containing diets showed significantly improved hematological parameters, innate immunity and antioxidant capacity than those in the Con group. Fish fed FBM-containing diets showed significantly enhanced digestive enzyme activity, villus length and goblet cells than those in fish fed Con diet. These results indicate that both powder and liquid FBM could be a good functional feed additive to improve innate immunity and digestion in Japanese eel.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.263-271
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• 2010

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of feeding a diet containing solid-state fermented rapeseed meal on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal ecology and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A mixed liquid culture, containing approximately 5 log cfu/ml Lactobacillus fermentum, Enterococcus faecium, Saccharomyces cerevisae and Bacillus subtilis was prepared in a 1:1:1:1 ratio. A basal substrate (BS) containing 75% rapeseed, 24% wheat bran and 1% brown sugar was mixed with the liquid culture in a ratio of 10:3. Over the 30-day fermentation, isothiocyanates were reduced from 119.6 to 14.7 mmol/kg. A total of 168, day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chicks were assigned to one of three dietary treatments including a corn-soybean meal based control diet as well as two experimental diets in which the control diet was supplemented with 10% of the BS containing unfermented rapeseed meal or 10% of the BS containing rapeseed meal subjected to solid state fermentation. There were 8 pens per treatment and 7 birds per pen. From days 19-21 and days 40-42, uncontaminated excreta were collected from each pen for digestibility determinations. In addition, digesta from the colon and ceca were collected to determine the number of lactobacilli, enterobacteria and total aerobes. The middle sections of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected for intestinal morphology. Over the entire experimental period (d 1-42), the weight gain and feed conversion of birds fed fermented rapeseed meal were superior (p<0.05) to that of birds fed nonfermented rapeseed meal and did not differ from the soybean control. On day 42, birds fed fermented rapeseed meal had higher (p<0.05) total tract apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, energy, and calcium than birds fed non-fermented rapeseed meal. Colon and ceca digesta from broilers fed the fermented feed had higher (p<0.05) lactobacilli counts than birds fed the control and non-fermented rapeseed meal diets on day 21 and 42. Fermentation also improved (p<0.05) villus height and the villus height:crypt depth ratio in the ileum and jejunum on day 21 and 42. The results indicate that solid-state fermentation of rapeseed meal enhanced performance and improved the intestinal morphology of broilers and may allow greater quantities of rapeseed meal to be fed to broilers potentially reducing the cost of broiler production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1136-1141
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• 2011

Effect of dietary essential oils on growth, feed utilization and meat yields of white leg shrimp L. vannamei was investigated. White shrimp fry weighing 0.62 g were kept in one of 12 tanks (75 head/500 L holding tank) in a closed recirculation system. Four experimental diets, a commercial diet (control), phytoncide oil (PO), oregano oil (OO) and fermented garlic liquid (GL) were fed for 16 weeks. The mean water quality values for the whole experimental period were $27.8{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $7.6{\pm}0.3$, $15.5{\pm}0.3$ g/L and $6.1{\pm}0.3$ mg/L for water temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen, respectively. At the end of the trial, 10 shrimp per tank were randomly sampled and meat yields (%) were evaluated after peeling the shell and removing the head. After a 16 week feeding trial, final weight of shrimp ranged from 21.9 g to 23.6 g. Feed conversion was not significantly different among groups (p>0.05), which was the lowest (1.95) in the control and highest (2.30) in the PO. Specific growth rate was also not significantly different (p>0.05) and ranged from 3.18% to 3.25%. Average daily gain of 0.2 g was obtained in all treatments. Mortality varied from 35.1% for control to 44.9% for OO. Meat yields maintained constant at 52.1% for control to 53.0% for PO. The study suggested that natural essential oils could not exert any improvement in growth performance, mortality and meat yields of white leg shrimp.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Liquid pig manure(LPM) is a useful resource if it is sufficiently fermented and utilized in the agriculture; it provides nutrients to soils, circulates organic materials and replaces chemical fertilizers(CF) with reasonable costs. Currently, there are not many trials in paddy field to continuously cultivate the crops in winter and summer season using LPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: When cultivating winter forage crops (Whole-crop-barley(WCB), Rye, Triticale, Italian ryegrass(IRG)) and summer feed corns in the rice field, CF was treated with $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$(winter forage crops: 120-100-100kg/ha, summer feed corn: 200-150-150 kg/ha), and subsequently, growth, yields, feed values and chemical properties of soil were investigated. LPM-applied areas in both winter and summer forage crops showed higher plant lengths and tillers than those of CF-applied areas, but the yield in CF-applied areas was higher than that of LPM-applied areas under continuous application of 2 years. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and total digestion nutrient(TDN) in feed values showed almost similar results between LPM and CF-applied areas. EC, organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable cations of soils after the experiment increased in LPM applied areas, and especially, the contents of available phosphate and exchangeable sodium were high. CONCLUSION(S): Considering the above results, it was concluded that if LPM are properly utilized for continuous winter and summer cultivation of feed crops at paddy field, the cultivation costs could be decreased and be helpful to the stable production of domestic feeds.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1687-1695
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• 2016

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin, contaminates agricultural products and poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. Microbiological methods are known to be a promising approach for OTA biodegradation because physical and chemical methods have practical limitations. In the present study, a total of 130 fungal isolates obtained from 65 traditional Korean meju (a fermented starter for fermentation of soybeans) samples were examined for OTA-biodegradation activity using thin-layer chromatography. Two fungal isolates were selected for OTA-biodegradation activity and were identified as Aspergillus tubingensis M036 and M074 through sequence analysis of the beta-tubulin gene. After culturing both A. tubingensis isolates in Soytone-Czapek medium containing OTA (40 ng/ml), OTA-biodegradation activity was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Both A. tubingensis strains degraded OTA by more than 95.0% after 14 days, and the HPLC analysis showed that the OTA biodegradation by the A. tubingensis strains led to the production of ochratoxin α, which is much less toxic than OTA. Moreover, crude enzymes from the cultures of A. tubingensis M036 and M074 led to OTA biodegradation of 97.5% and 91.3% at pH 5, and 80.3% and 75.3% at pH 7, respectively, in a buffer solution containing OTA (40 ng/ml) after 24 h. In addition, the OTA-biodegrading fungi did not exhibit OTA production activity. Our data suggest that A. tubingensis isolates and their enzymes have the potential for practical application to reduce levels of OTA in food and feed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.219-226
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• 1976

To meet the need of protein feed and fine more efficient ways of returning waste to resources, we have carried out the study of the production of yeast for foods and feeds from the corn starch cake. The present study includes the method for acid-hydrolysis, the selection of yeast capable of utilizing hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, and culture condition of Candida tropicalis under the liquid culture and the semisolid culture. Obtained results were as follows. 1. Hydrochloric acid was more excellent on the hydrolysis of the corn starch cake than sulfuric acid, and the yield of sugar was maximum, 57.2%, when the corn starch cake was hydrolyzed with 1.0% of hydrochloric acid at 2.0kg/cm for 30 minutes. 2. As the acid solution content was increased, more sugar was liberatedfrom the mixture, until the acid solution-substrate ratio reached 10:1. Beyond this point, no further increase was observed. To prepare the cultural medium of semisolid fermentation, a acid solution to substrate ratio of 3:1 appeared to be optimum. 3. Out of 6 yeast strains, Candida tropicalis had excellent growth on the hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, and optimum temperature and initial pH were $30^{\circ}C$ and 6.0 respectively. 4. Optimum liquid medium of Candida tropicalis is ures 0.3%, potassium phosphate monobasic 0.15g and magnesium sulfate 0.04g in 100ml of the hydrolyzate of the corn starch cake, while optimum semisolid medium is ammonium chloride 0.4g, potassium phosphate monobasic 0.1%, magnesium sulfate 0.04%. 5. Candida tropicalis could assimilate the sugar in the hydrolyzate up to more than 88.75%, and a yield of dry yeast reached 19.13% to the corn starch cake under the liquid culture. 6. Compared to the that of the untreated corn starch cake, the cellulose content of the semisolid fermented cake decreased by 3.76% to 14.7%, whereas dry yeast contents increased by 13.89%.