• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.775-787
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate for the natural methane emission inhibitor as a feed additive no adversely effect on rumen fermentation. Five different Control (Wheat barn (0.05 g), MRA(Methane Reduction Additive)-1 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.05 g)), MRA-2 (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (0.025 g) + Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), MRA-3 (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (0.025 g) + Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), and MRA-4 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.02 g) + Tannic acid (0.02 g) + Wheat barn (0.01 g) mixed) contents were used to perform 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation for in vitro fermentation. Ruminal pH values were ranged within normal ruminal microbial fermentation. Dry matter digestibility was not significantly different across the treatments during the whole fermentation time. Also, the result of microbial growth had no adversely effect on during the whole fermentation time. At 24 h, methane emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than all treatments except to MRA-1. Especially, MRA-4 carbon dioxide emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than control at 9, 24 and 48 h incubation. In addition MRA-4 propionate concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) than control at 24 h incubation. The result of RT-PCR Ciliate-associated methanogens were significantly lower (P<0.05) at MRA-1, MRA-3 and MRA-4 than control at 24 h incubation. Based on the present results, MRA-4 could be suggestible methane emission inhibitor as a natural feed additive.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.523-542
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• 2024

Hanwoo and Jeju Black cattle (Jeju Black) are native breeds of Korean cattle. Jeju Black cattle are recognized as natural monuments and are known to exhibit slower growth rates compared to Hanwoo. While several studies have analyzed the genetic characteristics of these cattle, there has been limited research on the differences in their microbiome. In this study, rumen fluid was obtained from three Hanwoo steers and three Jeju Black steers, and three different diets (total mixed rations [TMRs] for growing, early fattening, and late fattening periods) were used as substrates for in vitro fermentation. The in vitro incubation was conducted for 3 h and 24 h following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. After both incubation periods, fermentation characteristics were analyzed, and ruminal microbiome analysis was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, employing both QIIME2 and PICRUSt2. The results revealed significant differences in the ruminal microbiota due to the inoculum effect. At the phylum level, Patescibacteria and Synergistota were found to be enriched in the Jeju Black inoculum-treated group. Additionally, using different inocula also affected the relative abundance of major taxa, including Ruminococcus, Pseudoramibacter, Ruminococcaceae CAG-352, and the [Eubacterium] ruminantium group. These microbial differences induced by the inoculum may have originated from varying levels of domestication between the two subspecies of donor animals, which mainly influenced the fermentation and microbiome features in the early incubation stages, although this was only partially offset afterward. Furthermore, predicted commission numbers of microbial enzymes, some of which are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, fatty acids, and alpha amylase, differed based on the inoculum effect. However, these differences may account for only a small proportion of the overall metabolic pathway. Conversely, diets were found to affect protein biosynthesis and its related metabolism, which showed differential abundance in the growing diet and were potentially linked to the growth-promoting effects in beef cattle during the growing period. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that using different inocula significantly affected in vitro fermentation characteristics and microbiome features, mainly in the early stages of incubation, with some effects persisting up to 24 h of incubation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1087-1095
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• 2020

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-producing bacteria (GPB) on in vitro rumen fermentation and on the growth performance and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Methods: The effects of GPB (Lactobacillus brevis YM 3-30)-produced and commercially available GABA were investigated using in vitro rumen fermentation. Using soybean meal as a substrate, either GPB-produced or commercially available GABA were added to the in vitro rumen fermentation bottles, as follows: control, no additive; T1, 2 g/L GPB; T2, 5 g/L GPB; T3, 2 g/L autoclaved GPB; T4, 5 g/L autoclaved GPB; T5, 2 g/L GABA; and T6, 5 g/L GABA. In addition, 27 Hanwoo steers (602.06±10.13 kg) were subjected to a 129-day feeding trial, during which they were fed daily with a commercially available total mixed ration that was supplemented with different amounts of GPB-produced GABA (control, no additive; T1, 2 g/L GPB; T2, 5 g/L GPB). The degree of marbling was assessed using the nine-point beef marbling standard while endotoxin was analyzed using a Chromo-Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Results: In regard to in vitro rumen fermentation, the addition of GPB-produced GABA failed to significantly affect pH or total gas production but did increase the ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentration (p<0.05) and reduce total biogenic amines (p<0.05). Animals fed the GPB-produced GABA diet exhibited significantly lower levels of blood endotoxins than control animals and yielded comparable average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and beef marbling scores. Conclusion: The addition of GPB improved in vitro fermentation by reducing biogenic amine production and by increasing both antioxidant activity and NH₃-N production. Moreover, it also reduced the blood endotoxin levels of Hanwoo steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.357-365
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• 2019

Objective: The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of four fungal pretreatments on the nutritional value of Camellia seed residues, and to evaluate the feeding value of pretreated Camellia seed residues for ruminants. Methods: Camellia seed residues were firstly fermented by four lignin degrading fungi, namely, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium)-30942, Trichoderma koningiopsis (T. koningiopsis)-2660, Trichoderma aspellum (T. aspellum)-2527, or T. aspellum-2627, under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions at six different incubation times. The nutritional value of each fermented Camellia seed residues was then analyzed. The fermentation profiles, organic matter degradability and metabolizable energy of each pre-treated Camellia seed residue were further evaluated using an in vitro rumen fermentation system. Results: After 5 days of fermentation, P. chrysosporium-30942 had higher degradation of lignin (20.51%), consumed less hemicellulose (4.02%), and the SSF efficiency reached 83.43%. T. koningiopsis-2660 degraded more lignin (21.54%) and consumed less cellulose (20.94%) and hemicellulose (2.51%), the SSF efficiency reached 127.93%. The maximum SSF efficiency was 58.18% for T. aspellum-2527 and 47.61% for T. aspellum-2627, appeared at 30 and 15 days respectively. All the fungal pretreatments significantly improved the crude protein content (p<0.05). The Camellia seed residues pretreated for 5 days were found to possess significantly increased organic matter degradability, volatile fatty acid production and metabolizable energy (p<0.05) after the treatment of either P. chrysosporium-30942, T. koningiopsis-2660 or T. aspellum-2527. The fungal pretreatments did not significantly change the rumen fermentation pattern of Camellia seed residues, with an unchanged ratio of acetate to propionate. Conclusion: The fungi showed excellent potential for the solid-state bioconversion of Camellia seed residues into digestible ruminant energy feed, and their shorter lignin degradation characteristics could reduce loss of the other available carbohydrates during SSF.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.957-963
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• 2021

The study aimed to investigate the effects of supplemented sodium butyrate on the in vitro rumen fermentation and growth performance of Hanwoo calves. In total, four treatments were employed according to the sodium butyrate levels: no addition (control), an addition of 0.1% (treatment 1), an addition of 0.3% (treatment 2), and an addition of 0.5% (treatment 3). After 48 hours of fermentation, the ruminal pH was found to be higher in T1 than in C. Total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher in T2 and T3 than in C. The ratio of acetate and propionate was significantly lower in T1 and T3 than in C. In this study, the optimal concentration to promote rumen fermentation was found to be 0.3%, i.e., T2, and an experiment on Hanwoo calves at a farm was conducted. However, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups in terms of the daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and final body weight in the feeding experiment. Also, there were no significant differences in the body length, withers height, and height at hip cross between the control and the treatment groups. The addition of 0.3% sodium butyrate was most effective at promoting in vitro rumen fermentation, but it did not significantly affect the growth performance when fed to Hanwoo calves. This indicates that the addition of sodium butyrate improved rumen fermentation but did not have a growth-promoting effect. Future studies need to compare growth and carcass performance outcomes to confirm long-term effects.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.390-397
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• 1991

Ethanol production by calcium alginate-immobilized baker's yeast (Saccharor/tyces cereviszae) was studied in the batch fermentation using glucose medium as a feed. Immobilied cells were stable between $30^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$ whereas free cells were stable between $30^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ The beads were showed constant ethanol productivity during 720 hours (30 days) over. Fermentation characteristics of immobilized baker's yeast were examined changing the initial glucose concentration of broth in fermentation. Initial glucose concentrations employed were 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/l, respectively. In 15% gucose medium, maximum specific growth rate, maximum ethanol yield and ethanol concentration were observed as 0.092 $h^{-1}$, 0.45, 67.5 g/l, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.1084-1093
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• 2000

An in vitro gas production system was used to investigate the influence of various substrate mixtures on a natural mix of rumen microbes by measurement of fermentation end-products. The treatments were combinations of cassava (15.0, 30.0 and 45.0%) with different roughage sources (ruzi grass, rice straw or urea treated rice straw). Microbial biomass, net $^{15}N$ incorporation into cells, volatile fatty acid production, gas volume and rate of gas production increased linearly with increasing levels of cassava inclusion. There was also an effect of roughage source, with rice straw being associated with the lowest values for most parameters whilst similar values were obtained for ruzi grass and urea treated rice straw. The results suggest that microbial growth and fermentation rate increase as a function of readily available carbohydrate in the substrate mixture. A strong linear relationship between $^{15}N$ enrichment, total volatile fatty acid production and gas production kinetics support the suggestion of the use of the in vitro gas production system as a tool for screening feedstuffs as an initial stage of feed evaluation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.939-946
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• 2012

Antibiotic production with Streptomyces sindenensis MTCC 8122 was optimized under submerged fermentation conditions by artificial neural network (ANN) coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) and Nelder-Mead downhill simplex (NMDS). Feed forward back-propagation ANN was trained to establish the mathematical relationship among the medium components and length of incubation period for achieving maximum antibiotic yield. The optimization strategy involved growing the culture with varying concentrations of various medium components for different incubation periods. Under non-optimized condition, antibiotic production was found to be $95{\mu}g/ml$, which nearly doubled ($176{\mu}g/ml$) with the ANN-GA optimization. ANN-NMDS optimization was found to be more efficacious, and maximum antibiotic production ($197{\mu}g/ml$) was obtained by cultivating the cells with (g/l) fructose 2.7602, $MgSO_4$ 1.2369, $(NH_4)_2PO_4$ 0.2742, DL-threonine 3.069%, and soyabean meal 1.952%, for 9.8531 days of incubation, which was roughly 12% higher than the yield obtained by ANN coupled with GA under the same conditions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.4.1-4.7
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• 2016

Background: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of adding Korean rice wine residue (RWR) in total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and growth performance of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: For in vitro fermentation, the experimental treatments were Control (Con: 0 % RWR + TMR), Treatment 1 (T1: 10 % RWR + TMR), and Treatment 2 (T2: 15 % RWR + TMR). The rumen fluid was collected from three Hanwoo steers and mixed with buffer solution, after which buffered rumen fluid was transferred into serum bottles containing 2 g dry matter (DM) of TMR added with or without RWR. The samples were then incubated for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, or 48 h at $39^{\circ}C$ and 100 rpm. For the in vivo experiment, 27 Hanwoo steers (6 months old) with an average weight of $196{\pm}8.66kg$ were subjected to a 24-week feeding trial. The animals were randomly selected and equally distributed into three groups. After which the body weight, feed intake and blood characteristics of each group were investigated. Results: The pH of the treatments decreased significantly relative to the control during the 12 h of incubation. Total gas production and ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) was not affected by RWR addition. The total volatile fatty acid (VFA) was lower after 24 h of incubation but at other incubation times, the concentration was not affected by treatments. Feed cost was 8 % and 15 % lower in T1 and T2 compared to control. Blood alcohol was not detected and a significant increase in total weight gain and average daily gain were observed in Hanwoo steers fed with RWR. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study suggest that TMR amended with 15 % RWR can be used as an alternative feed resource for ruminants to reduce feed cost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.446-455
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• 2020

Objective: Our recent series of laboratory- and large-scale experiments confirmed that under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, sodium metabisulfite (SMB) was effective in preserving nutrients and antioxidant capacity of highly perishable fruit and vegetable discards (FVD). Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine how partial inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in total mixed ration (TMR) influences in vitro ruminal fermentation, whole-tract digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and voluntary feed intake of sheep. Methods: The FVD were mixed thoroughly with 6 g SMB/kg wet biomass and kept outdoors under aerobic conditions for 7 days. Four TMRs including four levels of SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (equaling to 0%, 1.9%, 3.8%, and 5.7% on dry matter basis, respectively), were prepared as replacement for corn grain. The ruminal fermentation metabolites were studied using an in vitro gas production test. Four mature male Corriedale sheep were assigned at random to the 4 diets for two separate sub-experiments; i) digestibility trial with four 21-d periods, and ii) voluntary feed intake trial with four 28-d periods. Results: Inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR tended to quadratically increase partitioning factor. No effect was seen on total-tract digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber, except for neutral detergent fiber digestibility that tended to linearly increase with increasing SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. The progressive increase of FVD preserved with SMB in the diet had no effect on nitrogen metabolism. Treatment had no effect on serum antioxidant capacity and blood metabolites assayed. Voluntary feed intake was not impaired by inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. Conclusion: It appears that FVD preserved with SMB can be safely incorporated into TMR as replacement of corn grain without impairment of nutrient metabolism and feed intake.