• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.527-533
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• 2019

The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of three types of Chestnut Meals (CM) on chemical composition and rumen fermentation characteristics of the fermented diet. The inoculants consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bacillus subtilis, and Sacaromyces cerevisiae and were applied to three different types of CM; Whole Chestnut (WC), endodermis (EN), and kernel (KE). All types of CMs were ensiled at $39^{\circ}C$ for 0, 1, 2, 4, or 6 days. After ensiling, the fermented CMs were sub-sampled for laboratory assays. On day six of fermentation, counts of the lactic acid-producing Bacillus subtilis, and yeast were higher (P<0.05) in WC than in the other CM types. On day four, KE had higher (P<0.05) crude protein content but lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents than the other treatments. In terms of rumen digestibility, KE had the highest (P<0.05) in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), total volatile fatty acid (VFA), propionate, butyrate concentrations, and total gas volume, as well as the lowest (P<0.05) acetate concentration. On the other hand, EN had the highest (P<0.05) pH and ammonia-N concentration in the rumen. In the rumen, even though WC application produced the highest microbial count and fermentation characteristics, it did not have a beneficial effect on rumen digestibility. Therefore, this study concluded that application of KE could be recommended due to the observed improvements in IVDMD and IVNDFD.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.565-573
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• 2023

숙주 동물과 동물의 장내 미생물의 건강 또는 생산성에 대한 연구결과를 미루어 볼 때, 가축 동물의 장내 미생물에 대한 연구는 매우 중요하다. 본 연구는 국내에서 사육되는 젖소 중 홀스타인 종과 저지종 젖소의 장내 미생물을 분석하고 차세대 염기서열 분석을 통해 젖소 종에 따른 장내 미생물 군집 구조의 차이를 규명하고자 하였다. 젖소의 원유 생산과 관련있는 것으로 알려진 종 풍부도와 종 다양성 지수 분석 결과 대부분의 풍부도 및 다양성 지수가 홀스타인 종 보다 저지 종에서 유의한 수준으로 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 종 간의 계통학적 거리를 합산하여 산출되는 phylogenetic diversity 지수는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 미생물 분포 분석 결과 홀스타인과 저지 종의 두 집단 장내 미생물 군집 구조가 다른 것으로 나타났다. 두 종의 젖소에서 과(family) 수준의 다양한 장내 미생물간의 분포에 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 특히 저지 종의 장내 미생물은 다양한 미생물 분포 사이에 매우 유의한 수준의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 두 종의 젖소 장내 미생물 구조에 차이가 있는지 확인하기 위해 beta-diversity 분석을 수행하였으며, PCoA 분석과 UPGMA clustering 분석 결과 두 그룹의 cluster가 명확히 분리되는 것을 시각적으로 확인하였으며, PERMANOVA 분석 결과 두 종의 장내 미생물 군집 구조가 통계적으로 매우 유의한 수준의 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 두 젖소 종의 장내 미생물 군집 구조 차이에 기여하는 미생물을 확인하기 위해 LEfSe 분석을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 Firmicutes, Bacilli, Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonadales 등의 상대적인 미생물 분포 차이가 두 그룹간 장내 미생물 군집 구조 차이에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.358-365
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• 2013

A series of in vitro studies were carried out to determine i) the effects of enzyme and formaldehyde treatment on the degradation characteristics of carbohydrate and protein sources and on the synchronicity of these processes, and ii) the effects of synchronizing carbohydrate and protein supply on rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis (MPS) in in vitro experiments. Untreated corn (C) and enzyme-treated corn (EC) were combined with soy bean meal with (ES) and without (S) enzyme treatment or formaldehyde treatment (FS). Six experimental feeds (CS, CES, CFS, ECS, ECES and ECFS) with different synchrony indices were prepared. Highly synchronous diets had the greatest dry matter (DM) digestibility when untreated corn was used. However, the degree of synchronicity did not influence DM digestibility when EC was mixed with various soybean meals. At time points of 12 h and 24 h of incubation, EC-containing diets showed lower ammonia-N concentrations than those of C-containing diets, irrespective of the degree of synchronicity, indicating that more efficient utilization of ammonia-N for MPS was achieved by ruminal microorganisms when EC was offered as a carbohydrate source. Within C-containing treatments, the purine base concentration increased as the diets were more synchronized. This effect was not observed when EC was offered. There were significant effects on VFA concentration of both C and S treatments and their interactions. Similar to purine concentrations, total VFA production and individual VFA concentration in the groups containing EC as an energy source was higher than those of other groups (CS, CES and CFS). The results of the present study suggested that the availability of energy or the protein source are the most limiting factors for rumen fermentation and MPS, rather than the degree of synchronicity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.988-995
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the temperature and microbial changes of corn silages during aerobic exposure. Methods: Kwangpyeongok (KW) and Pioneer 1543 (PI) corn hybrids were harvested at 29.7% of dry matter and chopped to 3 to 5 cm lengths. Homo (Lactobacillus plantarum; LP) or hetero (Lactobacillus buchneri; LB) fermentative inoculants at $1.2{\times}10^5$ colony forming unit/g of fresh forage was applied to the chopped corn forage which was then ensiled in quadruplicate with a $2{\times}2$ (hybrid${\times}$inoculant) treatment arrangement for 100 days. After the silo was opened, silage was sub-sampled for analysis of chemical compositions, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation indices. The fresh silage was continued to determine aerobic exposure qualities by recorded temperature and microbial changes. Results: The KW silages had higher (p<0.01) in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber than those of PI silages. Silages applied with LB had higher (p<0.001) acetate concentration, but lower (p<0.01) lactate concentration and lactate to acetate ratio than those of LP silages. The interaction effect among hybrid and inoculant was detected in acetate production (p = 0.008), aerobic stability (p = 0.006), and lactic acid bacteria count (p = 0.048). The yeast was lower (p = 0.018) in LB silages than that in LP silages. During the aerobic exposure, PI silages showed higher (p<0.05) temperature and mold than KW silages, while LP silages had higher (p<0.05) lactic acid bacteria and yeast than LB silages. Conclusion: The results indicated that the changes of silage temperature during aerobic exposure seems mainly affected by mold growth, while applied LB only enhanced aerobic stability of PI silages.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2018

This study was carried out to estimate the effect of selected inoculants on chemical compositions and fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at dough stage and divided into 5 treatments, following: No additives (CON); L. plantarum R48-27 (LP27); L. buchneri R4-26 (LB26); Mixture of LP27 and LB26 at 1:1 ratio (MIX); and L. buchneri (LB). The rye forage was ensiled into 10 L bucket silo for 100 days. The contents of NDF and ADF were lowest (P<0.05) in LB26. The pH in LB26, MIX, and LB were lower (P<0.05) than CON and LP27. Lactate content in LB was higher (P<0.05) than the others, while acetate content in LB26 and LB were higher (P<0.05) than that in CON and LP27. Lactate to acetate ratio was highest (P<0.05) in LB, but lowest in LB26. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count in LB was higher (P<0.05) than that in CON, while yeast count in CON was lower than in all silages applied inoculants. In conclusion, silages inoculated with LB26 could improve potentially the aerobic stability caused by increases of acetate and propionate concentrations.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.10-18
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• 2017

A total of nine Korean indigenous goats were used in a cross-over arrangement to give nine replicates per treatment, and they were housed individually assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments. Nine treatments were 0, 500, and 1000 ppm of quercetin supplementation in diets by mixing roughage and concentrate with different ratios (RC ratio) of 3:7 (RC 30), 5:5 (RC 50) and 7:3 (RC 70). Nutrient utilizations of dry matter, crude fat and NDF were not affected by neither RC ratio nor dietary quercetin (p>0.05), but the rate of crude protein and ADF increased in animals in RC 70 group regardless of quercetin supplementation (p<0.05). In addition, higher RC ratio increased (p<0.05) N retention and N retention rate. Total VFA, acetic acid, propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, iso-valeric acid and valeric acid contents were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary quercetin. Meanwhile, lower total cholesterol level exhibited in animals in RC 70 group compared to RC 30 or 50 groups, unrelated to dietary quercetin (p<0.05), however other plasma parameters were not influenced (p>0.05) by RC ratio and dietary quercetin. Our results indicated that both RC ratio and dietary quercetin may not directly affect the production indices and immune responses in Korean indigenous goat.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1918-1925
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• 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biogas slurry application on biomass production and the silage quality of corn. Methods: A field experiment was conducted in which corn was grown using different biogas slurry application rates. The effect of 25% to 500% biogas slurry nitrogen replacement (T1 to T14) on the yield and quality indices of corn were studied by field plot experiments. Results: The results revealed that biogas slurry application improved the stem diameter and relative feed value of corn silage in treatments T13 and T11. Moreover, the fermentation quality of corn silage was improved due to an increase in lactic acid content; in comparison with the chemical synthetic fertilizer (CF) group. The crude protein contents of corn silage had no obvious change with increasing biogas slurry application. However, the forage quality index of acid detergent fiber was decreased (p<0.05) in the T11 group compared with the CF group. In addition, higher (p<0.05) 30 h in vitro dry matter digestibility and 30 h in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility were observed in the T11 and T13 groups than in the CF group. Conclusion: Based on these results, it was concluded that the optimum biogas slurry application rate for corn was approximately 350% to 450% biogas slurry nitrogen replacement under the present experimental conditions.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권12호
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• pp.1079-1087
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• 2021

본 연구는 국내 가축의 장내 미생물 군집 분포와 시료간 미생물학적 차이에 대하여 차세대 염기서열 분석법(NGS)을 이용하여 분석하였다. 전국의 축사에서 닭, 돼지, 소의 분변시료를 무작위로 채집하여 α-diversity를 분석한 결과, 종 추정치와 종 풍부도가 세 종류의 가축 모두에서 통계학적 유의성을 가지면서 소, 돼지, 닭 순으로 높게 분석되었다. 그러나 조류에 속하는 닭과 포유류에 속하는 돼지, 소에 대한 각 사이의 종 다양성은 통계학적 유의성이 있는 것으로 분석되었으나, 돼지와 소의 사이의 종 다양성은 통계학적 유의성이 없는 것으로 분석되었다. 각 가축 내 장내 미생물 군집의 분포를 분석한 결과, 문 수준에서 세 종류의 가축 모두 Firmicutes가 우점한 것으로 나타났으며, 속 수준에서는 닭의 분변시료는 Weissella, 돼지의 분변시료는 Prevotella, 소의 분변시료는 Acinetobacter가 우점 속으로 나타났다. 각 가축 분변시료의 미생물 군집 분포에 차이가 있는지 분석하기 위해 PERMANOVA 분석을 수행한 결과, 닭, 돼지, 소의 분변시료 내 미생물 군집의 중심과 산포는 통계학적으로 유의성을 가진 것으로 나타났다. 또한 각 가축 분변시료의 미생물 군집을 대표하는 biomarker를 분석하기 위해 LEfSe 분석을 수행한 결과, Weissella와 Lactobacillus는 닭의 분변을 다른 두 가축과 구분할 수 있는 미생물로, Preveotella는 돼지의 분변을 다른 두 가축과 구분할 수 있는 미생물로, Acinetobacter는 소의 분변을 다른 두 가축과 구분할 수 있는 미생물로 분석되었다. 본 연구를 기반으로 축사 여건에 적합한 체증 관련 미생물의 탐색, 생애주기별 장내 미생물 군집과 유전체 분석 및 각 가축에 특화된 생균제 개발 등 추가적인 연구 진행에 필요한 미생물학적 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품저장유통학회 2003년도 제23차 추계총회 및 국제학술심포지움
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• pp.26-32
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• 2003

Rice is one of the most important cereals in the world. Japanese people use about 9 million tons of rice per you. We use rice for cooked rice as staple foods and for processing, such as rice wine (sake), rice crackers and miso fermentation, etc. Palatability, eating quality, of rice is evaluated by the sensory test and various kinds of physicochemical measurements. Japanese National Food Agency started the storage of 1.5 million tones of rice in 1996. We carried out the storage test using high quality rices since 1995 until 1996. As indices for the quality deteriorations of rice grains during the storage, germination ratio, enzyme activities, fat acidity, physical properties of cooked rice were clarified to be useful. We applied colorimetric method for the measurements of fat acidities in the place of titration method. Processing suitabilities of rice differ depending on the products. Low amylose rice is more suitable for soft rice crackers and high amylose rice is preferred more for rice noodle. Pre-cooked rice products, such as frozen cooked rice, retort-pouched rice and aseptic rice, are increasing recently in Japan. In addition to above-mentioned physico-chemical tests, NIR spectroscopy,“Midometer”and“Taste sensor”are novel and useful to evaluate eating quality and processing suitabolities. Recently, rice wholesalers and retailers have been obligated to display the name of cultivar, location of cultivation and the year of production of rice grains which they sell by the Japanese Agricultural Standard Law (JAS). In order to detect the dishonest labeling of rice cultivars, we developed new cultivar identification method based on DNA polymorphism.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1791-1799
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• 2018

In this study, the immunomodulatory activity of oligopeptide (CP) derived from solid-state fermented cottonseed meal were investigated in immunosuppressed BALB/c mice models by treatment with cyclophosphamide (CY). Results indicated that oligopeptide increased the thymus and spleen indices of CY-treated mice. The count of plague forming cells (PFC) and the content of half serum hemolysis ($HC_{50}$) in immunosuppressive mice were restored to the normal level in CP-10 and CP-20 groups while the cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) were increased significantly in CP-20 group. Similar increasing the immunoglobulin of IgG and IgM content in the serum of CP-10 group were also observed. These findings indicated that oligopeptide derived from solid-state fermented cottonseed meal had a strong immune-enhancing activity as well as a protective effect against immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice.