• 대한간호학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.332-343
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was done to investigate the practice level of 14 health behaviors between male (N=139) and female (N=175) elderly and to identify the barriers to each health behavior of elderly people in Korea. Methods: Data were collected from 314 elderly people (65yr and older) living in metropolitan, urban, and rural areas. Descriptive statistics, $x^2$-test and ordinal logistic regression were used in data analysis using the SPSS Win 15 version. Results: 1) The performances were different in some health behaviors between male and female elderly people. Male elderly showed better performances in balanced diet, regular exercise, and more than 30 min of exercise, while female elderly showed better performances in restriction of fat and cholesterol, restriction on alcohol, and smoking. There were no differences in stress management and health prevention behaviors between the two groups. 2) The common significant barriers in health behaviors of the elderly in Korea were the lack of habit and physical discomfort. However, the lack of perceived benefit was a significant barrier in male elderly. Lack of time and lack of family support were significant barriers in female elderly people in Korea. Conclusion: These results suggest that tailored strategies should be developed considering the gender difference to reduce the main barriers of each health behavior in order to improve the health status of elderly people.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2012

Purpose: Number of the old-old elderly is rapidly increasing in Korea, but it is unclear whether there are differences between old-old and young-old elderly in nutritional status, nutrient intakes and health status. The gender differences in Korean elderly in these conditions also remains unknown. This study, therefore, investigated gender-associated differences in nutritional, health status and nutrient intakes and how they are related among young-old and old-old homebound elderly. Methods: Two hundred and eighty elderly who were attending a local elderly welfare center were recruited. Evaluation included demographic, nutritional and health status related data, nutritional intakes, and life style related factors including physical activity. Results: Of the 280 subjects, old-old were 147 (52.5%) and young-old were 133 (47.5%). Male old-old elderly had more often abdominal obesity than female old-old, but male old-old more often had malnutrition than female old-old. There were few differences in nutrient intakes between old-old male elderly and female elderly after energy intakes were controlled. Male old-old more often had less intake of beta carotene and Vitamin A than female old-old. On the other hand, male old-old elderly more often had hypercholesterolemia and hypertension than male young-old. Conclusion: Male old-old may be at a greater health and nutritional risk than female old-old. Targeted nutritional intervention for male old-old emphasizing antioxidant nutritional intakes may be warranted.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.749-761
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• 2002

This study investigated the anthropometric and biochemical indices, and the health and nutritional factors influencing the two indices among 194 middle-aged and elderly subjects (108 middle-aged and 86 elderly) residing in a medium sized city for more than 10 years. In the examination of their dietary habits, 8.3% of the middle-aged subjects and 14.0% of the elderly subjects had two meals a day, and more female subjects had two meals per day. Of the subjects who ate meals at regular times, 75.0% were middle-aged and 79.1% were elderly, and the degree of irregularity of meals was greater for female subjects. The study of the dietary behavior of the subjects indicated that 71.3% and 66.3% of the middle-aged and elderly, respectively responded that the amount of food in each meal was sufficient. The subjects ate alone comprised 19.7% of the middle-aged females and 31.5% of the elderly females. The prevalence of smoking among the subjects was 28.1% for the middle-aged, 18.8% for the elderly male and 7.4% for the elderly females. The percentage of the subjects who drank alcohol was 34.4% of the middle-aged males and 13.2% of the middle-aged females. Slightly less than half of the subjects exercised more than once a week, with the male subjects showing a higher rate than the female subjects. The average body mass indices (BMI) were 24.5 and 24.6 for the middle-aged male and female, respectively, and 22.6 and 24.0 for the elderly male and female, respectively. BMI assessment showed that underweight subjects (BMI ＜ 20) comprised 3.7% of the middle-aged, 14.0% of the elderly, and that 40.7% of the middle-aged and 24.4% of the elderly were overweight (25 ＜ BMI ＜ 30) , and 0.9% of the middle-aged and 1.2% of the elderly were classified as obese (BMI $\geq$ 30) . A waist/hip ratio (WHR) greater than 0.8 was found in 89.5% of the middle-aged females and 90.7% of the elderly females, showing high abdominal fat deposition in the majority of females. The average systolic blood pressure of females was 121.1 $\pm$ 17.1 mmHg for the middle-aged and 129.6 $\pm$ 21.3 mmHg for the elderly subjects. The systolic blood pressures showed a significantly difference between the two age groups. Those defined as anemic subjects based on hemoglobin values comprised 13.0% of the middled-aged group and 16.3% of the elderly group. There was a tendency for higher fasting glucose levels among the elderly subjects. An increase in total plasma cholesterol levels with age was shown. The female subjects had higher cholesterol levels than the males'The study of the correlation between the daily habits and health status showed that the amount of food eaten at each meal, the frequency of eating out, and the use of dietary supplements appeared to influence BMI, WHR, the plasma triglyceride and plasma cholesterol levels; omitting one meal had a positive correlation with the systolic blood pressure and plasma cholesterol. These results suggest that desirable dietary habits and concerns for health are contributing factors for maintaining good health, as indicated by normal blood lipid levels.

• 성인간호학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.436-446
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly, to examine the relationships among those variables and to investigate leisure activities and depression according to cognitive function. Methods: The subjects were 105 female elderly visiting two senior citizen centers in Seoul, Korea. Data were collected from November to December 2006. The participants were assured of anonymity and confidentiality. All information was collected through face-to-face interviews using questionnaires. Results: 26.0% of the participants were cognitive impaired but not demented and 17.3% were demented. The level of depression was severe and 77.9% of the subjects were depressed. The subjects were not actively engaging in leisure activities. There were significant correlations between cognitive function, leisure activities and depression in female elderly. Demented or CIND subjects were more actively engaging in extra family fulfillment type leisure activities than normal subjects, Conclusion: These findings showed the need for a program for female elderly regarding leisure activities. When counseling the elderly, nurses must consider their cognitive function, leisure activities and depression.

• 한국인구학
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.59-77
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• 2003

이 논문은 노후 경제적 자원이 노인의 성에 따라 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 경험적으로 살펴보려는 의도를 가진다. 이를 위해 노후의 자립적 수입원 보유여부와 수입액을 중심으로 성에 따라 개인적 수준과 가족 및 가구 수준의 변수들이 어떠한 차별적 효과를 가지는지를 살펴보았다. '전국 노인생활실태 및 복지욕구조사(1998)' 자료를 이용해 남녀노인전체를 대상으로 한 모형과 남녀노인별 모형을 동시에 분석해 본 결과 노인들의 성에 따라 그 효과의 크기나 방향이 다른 변수들이 적지 않음을 확인하였다. 특히 두드러진 성별 차이를 보이는 변수들은 배우자유무. 자녀동거여부이다. 배우자유무의 경우. 이 변수가 경제적 자원과 긍정적인 관계를 맺는 정도는 남성노인보다는 여성노인에게서 높게 나타났다. 또한 자녀동거여부는 남성노인들에서는 자신들의 경제적 자원과 무관하거나 긍정적인 관계를 갖는 반면, 여성노인에 있어서는 부정적인 관계를 보였다. 이는 여성노인들의 배우자에 대한 의존성과 자녀에 대한 의존성을 반영하는 것이다. 이러한 결과들은 노인들의 성에 따라 이들의 개인적 혹은 가족 및 가구적 특성이 그들의 경제적 자원상황과 다른 방식으로 연결되어 있음을 보여주며, 노인들의 성에 따라 차별적으로 작용하는 기제, 혹은 주요변인들에 대한 보다 많은 논의와 연구가 필요함을 의미한다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2015

This study aimed to compare and evaluate nutritive conditions of the female elderly (2,893 people) based on a national health nutrition survey and health-related factors influencing nutritional intake. The results are as follows.- Average age of all subjects was $72.12{\pm}5.2$ old. BMI ($24.48{\pm}3.3kg/m^2$) and waist size ($83.9{\pm}9.5cm$) of urban elderly was larger ($23.74{\pm}3.3kg/m^2$, $82.28{\pm}9.9cm$) than that of rural elderly. MAR[4] and MAR[10] were also higher in urban elderly than rural elderly. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that factors influencing poor nutrition of elderly subjects were increasing age, smoking, and self-rated health. Old-old and current smokers were associated with a higher likelihood of poor nutrition (OR 1.82, 95%CI 1.43~2.30) and (OR 3.40, 95%CI 2.17~5.33) elderly female subjects in urban areas. Smoking (OR 2.29, 95%CI 1.33~3.95), poor self-rated health (OR 1.55, 95%CI 1.11~2.16), over nine hours of sleep per nighting (OR 1.72, 95%CI 1.17~2.53) and stress (OR 1.46, 95%CI 1.10~1.92) of elderly female subjects in rural areas were associated with higher likelihood of a poor nutrition. In conclusion, rural elderly are more influenced by poor health practice behaviors (self-rated health, sleeping stress) and psychological factors. Nutrition status of the rural elderly is worse than that of the urban elderly. To reduce nutritional risk of Korean elderly, especially rural elderly, active nutrition arbitration should include psychological environmental factors.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.30-38
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to testify effects of Balance Taping Therapy on the pain and range of motion of the knee joint in the female elderly with degenerative knee arthritis. Method: The research design was one group pretest-posttest design. The data were collected from November 15 to December 25, 2004. The subjects were 23 female elderly with degenerative knee arthritis who were registered at one public health center in Busan. Balance Taping Therapy was conducted twice a week for 5 weeks. The data were analyzed such as the number, percentage, paired t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test using SPSS 10.0 WIN Program. Result: The pain in the female elderly with degenerative knee arthritis significantly decreased from 8.82 to 6.04 after Balance Taping Therapy(t=16.781, p=0.001). The knee flexion joint range of motion in the female elderly with degenerative knee arthritis significantly increased from 119.73 to 123.13 after Balance Taping Therapy (t=-6.003, p=0.001). The knee extention joint range of motion statistically significantly increased from 112.74 to 117.83 after Balance Taping Therapy(t=-8.940, p=0.001). Conclusion: Balance Taping Therapy proved an effective nursing intervention in decreasing pain and increasing the range of motion of the knee joint in the female elderly with degenerative knee arthritis.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.171-185
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• 2003

The eight hundred fourteen male and female elderly living in urban and rural area of Incheon were compared in terms of anthropometric indices and health related factors. Mean height, weight, BMI, WHR, MAC, TSF, %body fat and systolic blood pressure of male elderly were 162.7cm and 162.0cm, 61.8kg and 58.3kg, 23.2 and 22.0, 0.91 and 0.89, 24.4cm and 24.0cm, 9.9mm and 11.5mm, 23.9% and 23.2%, 152.1mmHg and 150.0mmHg in the urban and rural respectively. In female elderly, mean height, weight, BMI, WHR, MAC, TSF, %body fat and systolic blood pressure were 150.3cm and 149.2cm, 55.9kg and 53.1kg, 24.4 and 23.4, 0.87 and 0.86, 25.4cm and 24.4cm, 20.2mm and 18.9mm, 37.2% & 35.4%, 142.2mmHg and 151.7 mmHg in the urban and rural respectively. As the age increasing, most of the anthropometric indices are decreased while systolic blood pressure are increased in both gender. The proportion of the subject with normal hearing were 73.1% in the urban, 61.4% in the rural and 61.8% in the male, 73.1% in the female. Hearing and tooth status became deteriorated as increasing the age and the more elderly felt themselves unhealthy as increasing the age. Aerobic(25.7%) and walking/jogging(18.4%) in the urban, walking/jogging (22.1%) and climbing(3.5％) in the rural were the preferred exercise in the elderly. Frequency of health promoting substance intake were very low and not significantly different between the urban & the rural, and the male and the female elderly. Neuralgia, diabetes, indigestion and cerebral stroke showed relatively higher morbidity in the elderly. Neuralgia was significantly higher in the female(23.3%) than in the male(13.1%). Diabetes was significantly higher in the female(22.4%) and the urban(21.9%) elderly than in the male(16.1%) and the rural(13.5%) elderly respectively. In conclusion, as the age increasing the height and weight of the elderly decreased significantly and BMI, WHR and body fat toned to decrease. Hearing and tooth status deteriorated significantly as the age increasing, especially in female elderly.

• 한국심리학회지 : 문화 및 사회문제
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.595-615
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• 2015

이 연구에서는 여성 독거노인의 웰빙을 증진하기 위한 프로그램을 개발하고 효과를 검증하였다. 프로그램은 자기노출, 후회다루기, 원한감정 처리, 용서, 감사 및 회복탄력성을 중심으로 삶과 행복의 의미를 탐구하도록 구성하였다. 본 프로그램을 운영하기 전에 6명의 여성 독거노인에게 파일럿 프로그램을 적용하며 그 효과를 예측하고 프로그램을 보완하였다. 프로그램 효과를 검증하기 위하여 11명의 여성 독거노인으로 구성된 실험집단 외에도 활동 위주의 프로그램에 참여한 11명을 비교집단으로 하고 또 다른 12명으로 통제집단을 구성하였다. 연구 결과, 여성 독거노인이 웰빙 증진 프로그램에 참여한 후 인간관계에서의 후회와 자신에게 피해를 준 사람에 대한 원한 수준이 감소하였고 자기를 노출하는 수준은 증가하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 웰빙 증진 프로그램에 참여한 여성 독거노인의 불안, 외로움 및 노화에 대한 인식 수준 모두 감소하여 노년기 주관적 웰빙 수준이 증진되었다. 또한 프로그램 참여 후 부정정서는 감소하였으나 삶의 만족과 긍정정서 수준은 증가하였으며 행복감도 더 느끼게 되었다. 이런 모든 변화는 통제집단은 물론 비교집단에서도 나타나지 않았다. 이런 결과는 본 연구에서 개발한 여성 독거노인 웰빙 증진 프로그램이 효과가 있어 노인복지관인 상담센터 등과 같은 기관에서 활용할 수 있음을 시사한다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2002

This study was conducted to provide insight into the management and care of the elderly in nursing homes. Eighty-six elderly subjects over 65 years old (38 male, 48 female) in 3 non-fee-paying nursing homes, located in Daejeon and Chungchong areas, were studied. Subjects'dietary intakes by estimated food intake records, and self-perceived health conditions, were studied using questionnaires from July 21 to August 1, 1997. Twenty-one % of the male subjects and 42% of the female subjects were over 80 years. Their predominant past occupation was farming. While 8.3% of the female and no male residents showed a BMI (Body Mass Index) of 27 and above, about 30% of the subjects were underweight and in poor health status in seeing, joint pains, lumbago and shoulder pains. Regarding overall health status, 72.1% of the subjects considered them to be in poor health, and female and male subjects suffered more difficulties from cloudy eyes, joint pains and lumbago and shoulder pains than any other. Neuralgia was the predominant chronic complaint and followed by hypertension in both sexes. Overall, female subjects felt worse off than the male subjects in terms of their health status, that can be attributed to higher average age of the female subjects compared to the male subjects. The elderly were eating a very low fat (about 15 g : 6% of total calorie) diet with low vitamin A and E. Intakes of calories, protein and iron slightly exceeded RDA. The phosphorus intake was more than double the RDA although calcium intake was close to the RDA. From these results, it seems important to doubling the fat intake of the elderly residents in the form of vegetable fat with the object of raising of vitamin E, antioxidant vitamin, and essential fatty acids for the elderly. It is also recommended that the elderly residents should be given adequate calcium and exercise for bone health.