• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.55-69
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• 2009

The Purpose of the current study is to investigate the differences in cosmetics attribute evaluation, purchase motivation, and brand re-purchase intention with respect to shopping orientations of Korean female university students. Questionnaires were distributed to 250 female students at Kyungpook National University and 220 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The results were as follows. First, shopping orientations and cosmetics attribute evaluation each generated four factor solutions, whereas cosmetics purchase motivations produced three factors. Second, three consumer groups - Efficiency Shopper Group, Indifference Shopper Group Ambivalence Shopper Group - with different shopping orientations were identified. Third, the study found significant differences in consumers' attribute evaluation such as function and price among the groups. The study also revealed a significant difference in contingent purchase motivations and brand re-purchase intention among the groups. From these results, we could identify that cosmetics re-purchase intention was significantly different among three different groups with different shopping orientations. Furthermore, consumer classification according to shopping orientations in cosmetics product purchase can be used by cosmetics marketers and managers to establish product plan and marketing strategy development. Additionally, the current study has originality and value that the relationship between shopping orientation and re-purchase intention has not been studied very much in the cosmetics product domain.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.116-126
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• 2015

This paper compared the properties of cosmetics depending on the shopping tendency of female consumers in Korea and China. The data on Chinese women living in Korea and Korean women in their 20s was collected using an offline survey. The data on Chinese women living in China in their 20s was collected using an online survey. Three hundred twenty-seven questionnaires out of a total of 330 questionnaires were used for statistical analysis. The survey was conducted from January to February 2014. Eighteen questions on shopping tendency and eight questions on the properties of cosmetics were analyzed using a 5-point Likert scale. Data was analyzed by Descriptives, Factor Analysis, Reliability Analysis, ANOVA and Cluster Analysis, and SPSS 21 statistical program. In accordance with the analyses, the shopping tendency comprised a showing-off tendency, pleasure-seeking tendency, and practicality tendency; the properties of cosmetics were classified into conformity and functionality. On the basis of the elements in the shopping tendency, the female consumers were categorized into a low involvement consumer group, high involvement consumer group, and hedonic consumer group. The Chinese women emphasized conformity or functionality of cosmetics more than the Korean women regardless of the countries where they lived. Regardless of shopping types or countries where they lived, the Korean and Chinese women in their 20s emphasized functionality over conformity of cosmetics. Furthermore, Chinese women living in Korea showed a similar shopping tendency to Chinese living in China.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.87-99
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the appearance orientation and clothing and cosmetics purchasing behaviors according to media contact responses. The subjects were 445 female university students in Daejeon and Chungnam province. The measuring instruments was a questionnaire with media contact responses, appearance orientation, clothing and cosmetics purchasing behavior, and subjects' demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed by Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, frequency analysis, ${\chi}^2$ test, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, and regression analysis using SPSS program. The results were as follows. First, female university students had very positive response and attitude on entertainers' appearance, style and products showed by media. Second, media contact response had a significant effect on appearance orientation. The group with a high level of media contact response showed higher appearance orientation than the groups with mediate and low level of media contact response. Third, media contact response had meaningful effects on clothing and cosmetics purchasing behaviors. The group with a high level of media contact response showed higher shopping frequency, purchasing frequency, and more spending on clothing and cosmetics than other groups.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.141-155
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to offer basic data to adolescents' cosmetic culture by investigating and analysing the choices made by female students who have been becoming principle consumers of cosmetics these days. Firstly, social and cultural backgrounds and concepts of N generation, and then characteristics and influencing powers of female students were reviewed. And this study also included questionnaire surveys of 500 female students in middle and high schools located in Seoul. Data were processed using a SPSS$^+$ program and analyzed by using frequency, percentage and the $X^2$-test. The major findings run as follows: Female students have the effects of spreading their words quickly and abilities of making a decision what to buy. And they accept consuming behaviors itself as a part of cultural lives. Therefore, industries have acknowledged them as new principal consumers with a powerful influence in the market. They also play an important role in active consumer as emotional generation who has distinct personalities and prefer fashion trends, changes and innovations. They show conformities with their peer groups and they also want to identify themselves with characters or stars. The cosmetic behaviors of female students relating to demographic characteristics showed a significant relation to grades, majors, school groups and places of residence. Female students have a lot of interest and knowledge about cosmetics. And they use various cosmetic products. This study demonstrated the age for using make-up for the first time has been becoming younger more and more. Recently, female adolescents tend to use face powder, lip gloss, mascara and eye shadow. It is assumed that cosmetic purchases of female students can be considered as an impulsive aspects. However, before purchases, the proportion of students having any particular cosmetic brand in mind previously has been increasing. They take into consideration skin safety, the quality of product and color, when purchasing cosmetic products.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.107-121
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to offer basic data to adolescents' cosmetic culture by investigating and analysing the choices made by female students who have been becoming principle consumers of cosmetics these days. Firstly, social and cultural backgrounds and concepts of N generation, and then characteristics and influencing powers of female students were reviewed. And this study also included questionnaire surveys of 500 female students in middle and high schools located in Seoul. Data were processed using a SPSS$^+$ program and analyzed by using frequency, percentage and the $X^2$-test. The major findings run as follows: Female students have the effects of spreading their words quickly and abilities of making a decision what to buy. And they accept consuming behaviors itself as a part of cultural lives. Therefore, industries have acknowledged them as new principal consumers with a powerful influence in the market. They also play an important role in active consumer as emotional generation who has distinct personalities and prefer fashion trends, changes and innovations. They show conformities with their peer groups and they also want to identify themselves with characters or stars. The cosmetic behaviors of female students relating to demographic characteristics showed a significant relation to grades, majors, school groups and places of residence. Female students have a lot of interest and knowledge about cosmetics. And they use various cosmetic products. This study demonstrated the age for using make-up for the first time has been becoming younger more and more. Recently, female adolescents tend to use face powder, lip gloss, mascara and eye shadow. It is assumed that cosmetic purchases of female students can be considered as an impulsive aspects. However, before purchases, the proportion of students having any particular cosmetic brand in mind previously has been increasing. They take into consideration skin safety, the quality of product and color, when purchasing cosmetic products.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.2 no.2 s.2
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• pp.48-58
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify the variables influencing consumers' deal proneness. The data were collected from 385 college female students living in Daegu, Korea via self-administered questionnaires and were analyzed by frequency, factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha},\;X^2-test$, t-test and stepwise regression analysis. The results of the study were as follows: 1) There was found significant differences of demographic variables between domestic and imported cosmetics' consumers. 2) Deal proneness which were Consumers' responses to sales promotion were classified into six factors which were mileage proneness, display proneness, gifts proneness, sample/coupon proneness, sweepstakes proneness, make-up show proneness. 3) Domestic cosmetics' consumers who had higher gift proneness, sample/coupon proneness, mileage proneness had significantly positive influence on the buying experience of promoted cosmetics. Imported cosmetics' consumers who had higher sample/coupon proneness and lower make-up show proneness had significantly positive influence on the buying experience of promoted cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1034-1045
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to group female consumer types according to cosmetics benefits sought at online and off-line cosmetic shopping malls, and to investigate the differences in consumer values, cosmetic purchase behaviors, and demographic variables according to the consumer types. Subjects were 451 females residing in Seoul, of whom 212 were online shoppers and 239 were off-line shoppers. Five dimensions of cosmetics benefits sought were derived by factor analysis. These were functionality, economy, brand, fashion, and practicality. The female consumers were classified into four benefits sought types by cluster analysis of the five dimensions: T.1 'practicality sought type', T.2 'economy sought type', T.3 'brand function sought type', and T.4 'economic function sought type'. Economy sought consumers purchased cosmetics much more from online shopping malls than from off-line. The cosmetics expenses of practicality sought online consumers were low and many of them were in their 20's and middle-class. Economy sought online consumers preferred domestic brand, their cosmetics expenses were low, and many of them were career women. Practicality sought off-line consumers were high in independent value. Economy sought off-line consumers were low in independent value and social approval value, preferred domestic brand, and distributed more in college students than in career women. Brand function sought off-line consumers purchased cosmetics at department store and regarded social approval value as important. Economic function sought off-line consumers were distributed in middle-class and in diverse age range.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.267-280
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide cosmetic companies and research institutes with basic data regardingthe development of marketing by making out the influence and characteristics of consumption. A total of 506 questionnaires were used as analysis for the questionnaire survey of twenty female college students who purchased cosmetics within sixmonths in Seoul and the metropolitan area. Consumption propensity varied characteristics depending on the degree of makeup, average number of purchases, main reason for using cosmetics, and where to buy cosmetics. Motivation for purchasing cosmetics varied characteristics depending on the largest skin problem, the degree of usual makeup, the average number of times cosmetics were purchased, and the main reason forusing cosmetics. The results revealed thepropensities of saving resources, planned purchases, consciousness to others, and impulse buying have significant effects on the cosmetic purchase motives of product conversion, being others-oriented, economicsand pursuing beauty(P<0.05).Consequently, this study hopes to contribute to the development of cosmetics companies and research institutes by providingbasic data forfuture development of productsas well as formarketing strategiesusing customer psychology by referring to various perspectives ofconsumer direction and desired purchase behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.251-262
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is understanding female high school student's make-up culture by developing the recognition criteria for their make-up behavior and anxiety in purchasing cosmetics. This study targeted 524 female high school students who attended vocational and academic high school located in Daegu, Korea. SPSS WIN package was used fur statistics and MANOVA, ANOVA, LSD post-verification was conducted for data analysis. The conclusion of this study is as fellowed ; (1) Academic groups showed statistically different tendency to 6 reasons of make-up behavior ; interest in make-up was chosen most for the reason and etiquette, make-up satisfaction, aesthetics, fashion, synchronism comes next in the order. (2) In case of vocational group, it also showed different tendency to 6 reasons of make-up behavior ; interest in make-up was also most highly chosen reason as the academic group and etiquette was next and then make-up satisfaction, aesthetics, fashion were same level and synchronism was shown to be the lowest chosen reason in the order. (3) Academic group showed different level of anxiety from the 11 reasons of anxiety in purchasing cosmetics ; also anxiety of material was highly chosen reason and then fitness, price, color, quality, utility, purchasing, after service, fashion, label-trust, other people's comments comes next for the reason. (4) Vocational group also showed different level of anxiety from 11 reasons of anxiety in purchasing cosmetics; also anxiety of material was highest reason (same as the academic group) and then fitness, color, quality, price, utility, after service, label-trust, fashion, buying, other people's comments comes next for the reason.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.141-152
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• 1996

Many eastern females concern themselves about the condition and the color of their skin. The purpose of the present study is to classify the skin trouble and the change of the facial color due to hormonal cycle in female. We examined the actual cricumstances by questionnaires, and made patch tests of methyl nicotinate, representing rubefacient, to estimate the epidermal penetratin rate, and measured the facial color change during the menstrual cycle period to invest the correlation factors between skin trouble due to cosmetics and facial color change. Fifty-two percent of subjects had skin trouble relating to cosmetics. One second of subjects with skin trouble due to cosmetic complained the change of sysptom by menstrual cycle. The changes of systptom were related on premenstrual period. The skin trouble developed mainly on the first trimester of the pregnancy. In patch test of methyl nicotinate, most cases showed decreased threshold of the reaction on minstruation, and other cases showed increased reactivity of the skin of menstruation. In facial color measurements, it proves in the appearance of red spot, darkness, increasing the value and turning the hue to yellowish, Also it demonstrates that premenstruation hue turn red and value level decrease. During the period, facial color turns pale and hue progress to yellow. This fact coincides with the questionnaire. We have quqntified through questionnaire, which demonstrates it has good correlation with done to the subjects among the internal environment factors hormonal cycle influences the facial color change and the skin trouble due to cosmetics. Through this paper the development of an more fragmented make-up and skin care products is required to increase the interest to females, to make true the creation of beauty.