• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.9
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• pp.368-372
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• 2011

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most critical morbidities in preterm infants. The incidence of NEC is 7% in very-low-birthweight infants, and its mortality is 15 to 30%. Infants who survive NEC have various complications, such as nosocomial infection, malnutrition, growth failure, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, and neurodevelopmental delays. The most important etiology in the pathogenesis of NEC is structural and immunological intestinal immaturity. In preterm infants with immature gastrointestinal tracts, development of NEC may be associated with a variety of factors, such as colonization with pathogenic bacteria, secondary ischemia, genetic polymorphisms conferring NEC susceptibility, anemia with red blood cell transfusion, and sensitization to cow milk proteins. To date, a variety of preventive strategies has been accepted or attempted in clinical practice with regard to the pathogenesis of NEC. These strategies include the use of breast feeding, various feeding strategies, probiotics, prebiotics, glutamine and arginine, and lactoferrin. There is substantial evidence for the efficacy of breast feeding and the use of probiotics in infants with birth weights above 1,000 g, and these strategies are commonly used in clinical practice. Other preventive strategies, however, require further research to establish their effect on NEC.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2020

A single-stage deammonification with a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) that simultaneous nitritation, anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox), and denitrification (SNAD) occur in one reactor has been widely applied for sidestream of wastewater treatment plant. For the stable and well-balanced SNAD, a feeding strategy of influent wastewater is one of the most important operating factors in the single-stage deammonification SBR. In this study, single-stage deammonification SBR (working volume 30L) was operated to treat a high-strength ammonium wastewater (1200 mg NH₄⁺-N/L) with different feeding strategies (single feeding and nine-step feeding) under the condition without COD. Each cycle of the step feeding involved 6 sub-cycles consisted of aerobic and anoxic periods for partial nitritation (PN) and anammox, respectively. Contrary to unstable performance in the single feeding, the step feeding showed better deammonification performance (0.565 kg-N/m³/day). Under the condition with COD, however, the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) decreased to 0.403 kg-N/m³/day when the Nine-step feeding strategies had an additional denitrification period before sub-cycles for PN and anammox. The NRR was recovered to 0.518 kg-N/m³/day by introducing an enhanced multiple-step feeding strategy. The strategy had 50 cycles consisted of feed, denitrification, PN, and anammox, instead of repeated sub-cycles for PN and anammox. The multiple-step feeding strategy without sub-cycle showed the most stable and excellent deammonification performance: high nitrogen removal efficiency (98.6%), COD removal rate (0.131 kg-COD/m³/day), and COD removal efficiency (78.8%). This seemed to be caused by that the elimination of the sub-cycles might reduce COD oxidation during aerobic condition but increase the COD utilization for denitrification period. In addition, among various sensor values, the ORP pattern appeared to be applicable to monitor and control each reaction step for deammonification in the multiple-step feeding strategy without sub-cycle. Further study to optimize the number of multiple-step feeding is still needed but these results show that the multiple-step feeding strategy can contribute to a well-balanced SNAD for deammonification when treating high-strength ammonium wastewater with COD in the single-stage deammonification SBR.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.128-131
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• 2005

The effects of alternate-week feeding strategies on growth and feed efficiency ratio of juvenile Nile tilapia were investigated in a recirculating aquaculture system. Twenty fish initially weighing 25.5 g were randomly distributed into each of 18 tanks to conduct three replicates for each of six different feeding strategies. Weight gain of fish in the control that were fed daily for 6-week feeding trial was significantly higher than those of fish subjected to various alternate-week feeding regimes. Weight gain of fish that were starved for 3 weeks and then fed daily for 3 weeks (3WS+3WF) was not significantly different from that of fish, starved and fed daily for alternate 1-week period during the trial (1WS+1WF), but was significantly higher than those of fish starved for 2 weeks, and fed for 2 weeks (2WS+2WF); fish starved for 4 weeks and fed for 2 weeks (4WS+2WF); and fish fed for 5 weeks and fed for 1 week (5WS+1WF.) The amount of feed supplied to fish in the groups of 1WS+1WF and 3WS+3WF was significantly lower than that fed to fish in the control group, but significantly higher than the amount feed supplied to fish in the other three groups. Feed efficiency ratio for fish in the control group did not differ from that for fish in the groups of 1WS+1WF, 2WS+2WF and 3WS+3WF, but was significantly higher than that for fish in the groups of 4WS+2WF and 5WS+1WF. In conclusion, juvenile Nile tilapia that were subject to starvation for 1 to 5 weeks did not exhibit compensatory growth sufficient to attain the same weight as fish fed daily for 6 weeks. In addition, fish subjected to starvation exhibited low feed efficiency ratio compared to fish fed daily, which were probably attributable to poor weight gain.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.432-444
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• 2001

In this manuscript, several effective feeding and management systems to reduce environmental pollution in swine production have been briefly introduced. It is logical that reducing the excretion of nutrients in manure should be the first step to reduce the environmental impact of pig production. it is evident that the excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus can be reduced when more digestible or available feedstuffs are used. Also, it is well known that proper feed processing can reduce anti nutritional factors (ANF) and improve nutrient digestibilities. Supplementation of effective feed additives can reduce excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus due to efficient feed utilization. These include enzymes (e.g., phytase), antibiotics, probiotics, organic acids and growth hormones ($\beta$-agonists and porcine somatotropin). One of the most effective ways to reduce pollutants from swine manure is to use synthetic amino acids in feed manufacturing. Many studies showed that reduction of 2 to 4% unit (U) of dietary protein with supplemental amino acid (AA) could dramatically reduce (15 to 20%) nitrogen excretion. Regarding feeding strategies, it has been recognized that phase feeding regimen could be used to reduce nitrogen and phosphorous excretion by feeding pigs in better agreement with age and physiological state. Feeding barrows and gilts separately, known as split sex feeding, can also decrease excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus. With the increasing concerns on the negative impact of animal production systems on the environment, animal nutritionists and producers should be aware that sustainability of animal agriculture is as important as high production performance. Therefore, some feeding and management strategies described in this manuscript will help to reduce environmental pollution in swine production. Proper combination of feeding regimen and environment-friendly diet formulation through nutritional approach will be more effective to reduce nutrient excretion in swine production system compared to single approach to do so.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.sup1
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• pp.143-148
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• 2008

It is relatively common to have various feeding problem during infancy and childhood, even for typically developing children. Treatment outcome studies for pediatric feeding disorder consistently reported that applied behavior analaysis (ABA), a type of behavior intervention, is very effective and efficacious. Interdisciplinary team approach is necessary for severe feeding problems, but similar methods could be used through parent training for moderate and mild feeding problems. This article introduced assessment procedure to identify feeding problems as well as specific methods to deal with diver feeding issues. Each strategy can be used effectively only when it is combined with several other strategies including environmental rearrangement and should be developed individually upon each child's feeding issues. In addition, systematic and continuous parent trainings are mandatory. At the end, several treatments related issues were addressed.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.61-80
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• 2010

Poultry welfare has recently appeared as worldwide concern as well as Korea. The recent action plan for farm animal welfare introduced by the European Commission intends to expand the body of regulatory standards. In this context, many countries and/or organization are on the verge of establishing the most optimum poultry welfare standards. To establish the most optimum standards, comparative analysis of feeding regimen before and after welfare-bestowed environment need to be preceded. Most guidelines or standards for poultry welfare do not suggest the nutritional requirements and feeding system in detail, although it is deterimental especially for the farmer. This review intends to find scientific base to establish detailed welfare feeding guidelines. However, only limited research has been conducted in the view of actual poultry welfare. The results indicated the incidence of SDS, ascites, skeletal dysfunctions caused by fast growth rate in broiler, feather pecking and cannibalism in laying hen, and feed restriction in broiler breeder could be reduced by changing nutritional regimen and feeding strategies or both. The regimen and feeding strategies are certainly near to the direction that the poultry welfare ought to be in the right track. In this article, feeding and drinking guidelines in many standards as well as welfare feeding experiments have been reviewed and compared In the view of chicken productivity, welfare physiology and poultry health.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.340-344
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• 2000

Microbial oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose by Acetobacter suboxydans is of commercial importance since it is the only biochemical process in vitamin C synthesis. The main bottleneck in the batch oxidation of sorbitol to sorbose is that the process is severely inhibited by sorbitol. Suitable fed-batch fermentation designs can eliminate the inherent substrate inhibition and improve sorbose productivity. Fed-batch sorbose fermentations were conducted by using two nutrient feeding strategies. For fed-batch fermentation with pulse feeding, highly concentrated sorbitor (600g/L) along with other nutrients were fed intermittently in four pulses of 0.5 liter in response to the increased DO signal. The fed-batch fermentation was over in 24h with a sorbose productivity of 13.40g/L/h and a final sorbose concentration of 320.48g/L. On the other hand, in fed-batch fermentation with multiple feeds, two pulse feeds of 0.5 liter nutrient medium containing 600g/L sorbitol was followed by the addition of 1.5 liter nutrient medium containing 600g/L sorbitol at a constant feed rate of 0.36L/h till the full working capacity of the reactor. The fermentation was completed in 24h with an enhanced sorbose productivity of 15.09g/L/h and a sorbose concentration of 332.60g/L. The sorbose concentration and productivity obtained by multiple feeding of nutrients was found to be higher than that obtained by pulse feeding and was therefore a better strategy for fed-batch sorbose fermentation.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2005

We evaluated the effects of different feeding strategies on the growth of young Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., in a freshwater recirculating system during summer. Each of twenty fish (Mean body weight$\pm$ SD; 37. 7$\pm$0.10 g) were randomly distributed into each of 24 tanks. Eight treatments were prepared in triplicate. Control fish were hand-fed commercial feed twice daily without starvation. The other seven treatments employed different feeding and starvation strategies ranging from I day starved and 1 day fed (1DS+ 1DF) to 7 days starved to 7 days fed (7DS+7DF). All fish survived to the end of the 44-day feeding trial. The amount of food supplied was highest for the control fish in the control. Food supplied to fish in the 3DS+3DF and 4DS+4DF treatments was significantly lower than that of fish in the 1DS+1DF and 2DS+2DF treatments, but significantly higher than that of fish in the 5DS+5DF, 6DS+6DF and 7DS+7DF treatments. The weight gain of control fish was significantly higher than that of fish in other treatments. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) for fish in the 7DS+7DF treatment was significantly higher than that of fish in the control group, but it did not differ from that of fish in the 1DS+1DF and 2DS+2DF treatments. We concluded that young Nile tilapia raised with different starvation and feeding regimes during the summer in a freshwater recirculating system did not catch up in growth to fish fed daily. However, the enhanced FER of Nile tilapia in the 7DS+ 7DF, 2DS+ 2DF, and 1 DS+ I DF treatments partly explains the compensatory growth of the fish, although their weight gain was relatively low.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1057-1068
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• 2014

The major goals of the poultry industry are to increase the carcass yield and to reduce carcass fatness, mainly the abdominal fat pad. The increase in poultry meat consumption has guided the selection process toward fast-growing broilers with a reduced feed conversion ratio. Intensive selection has led to great improvements in economic traits such as body weight gain, feed efficiency, and breast yield to meet the demands of consumers, but modern commercial chickens exhibit excessive fat accumulation in the abdomen area. However, dietary composition and feeding strategies may offer practical and efficient solutions for reducing body fat deposition in modern poultry strains. Thus, the regulation of lipid metabolism to reduce the abdominal fat content based on dietary composition and feeding strategy, as well as elucidating their effects on the key enzymes associated with lipid metabolism, could facilitate the production of lean meat and help to understand the fat-lowering effects of diet and different feeding strategies.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 1998

Optimal feeding strategies in bioreactor operation of Scutellaria baicalensis G. plant cell culture were investigated to maximize the production of flavone glycosides by using a structured kinetic model which can predict culture growth and flavone glycosides synthesis in a rigorous, quantitative manner. For the production of baicalin and wogonin-7-0-GA, the strategies for glucose feeding into Scutellaria baicalensis G. plant cell culture were proposed based on the model, which are a periodic fed-batch operation with maintenance of cell viability and of specific production rate respectively, and a perfusion operation with maintenance of specific production rate for baicalin and wogonin-7-0-GA. Simulation results showed that the highest volumetric concentration of flavone glycosides was obtained in a periodic fed-batch operation with maintenance of cell viability among all the suggested strategies. In the periodic fed-batch operations, the higher volumetric production of flavone glycosides was achieved compared with that in the perfusion operation. It can be concluded that a periodic fed-batch operation with maintenance of cell viability would be the optimal and practical operating strategy of Scutellaris baicalensis G. plant cell culture for the production of flavone glycosides.