• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-65
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• 1987

The milk protein portion contains sialic acid which may be used as an index for k-casein. In comparison with non fat dry milk (NFDM) and calcium caseinate, the solubility of NFDM protein isolates at the various pH was inferior. Another consideration for the low solubility relates to the possibility that k-casein may have been extracted or possibly modified by the action of alcohol. The k-casein is the principal stabilizing fraction for casein micelle and any changes which result in its destruction or removal would be expected to have potent results. During solvent treatment, 16.5% of sialic acid was extracted in the first extraction solvent, whereas the second treatment caused only a 4.0% loss, based on sialic acid analysis. A study was conducted on the effect of concentration of methanol on loss of sialic acid. The loss of sialic acid decreased as the concentration of methanol increased to above 62% in both the first and second extracted solvent. It appears that loss of sialic acid is attributed to the water fraction rather than the methanol fraction. The effect of addition of the dried extracted solids on solubility was investigated. Protein solubility of NFDM protein isolates was sharply increased by 10% addition of the extracted solids and, thereafter, decreased. Efforts to restore solubility by feeding-back the extracted material supported the concept that removal of surface k-casein may have been a possible factor.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

Seventy two Hanwoo steers in final fattening period ($585.87{\pm}41.02kg$) were randomly assigned to 3 groups, LPLT (relatively low protein and low energy; CP 12%, TDN 73%), LPHT (relatively low protein and high energy; CP 12%, TDN 75%) and HPHT (relatively high protein and high energy; CP 14%, TDN 75%) in concentrate feed for 163 days in order to investigate the effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and longissimus dorsi muscle's chemical compositions. Rice straw was also fed as a roughage. Because ADGs were higher in LPLT and HPHT than LPHT, feed efficiencies were improved in LPLT and HPHT group (P<0.05). Feeding concentrates with different CP and TDN levels had affected to improve back fat thickness and rib eye area in HPHT group but had no effect on carcass weight and meat yield index. Carcass weight for LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were $420.75{\pm}30.56$, $417.05{\pm}32.03$ and $418.32{\pm}32.03kg$, respectively. Meat quality grade was improved in HPHT (P<0.001), because the marbling score was highest in HPHT group. Auction prices (carcass/kg) of LPLT, LPHT and HPHT group were 17,904 won, 18,094 won and 18,899 won, respectively. The percentage of animals over grade 1 appeared in LPLT, LPHT and HPHT were 79.2, 72.7 and 90.8%, respectively. The results of chemical analysis of longissimus dorsi muscle showed no difference between groups but crude fat composition tended to be higher in HPHT group (P=0.088) than the other groups. Stearic acid contents in the muscle was significantly increased in HPHT group than LPLT group (P<0.05). Myristoleic acid and oleic acid composition in HPHT group was higher than LPLT and LPHT group. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of higher levels of crude protein and energy in concentrates to Hanwoo steers' during final fattening period improved the growth performance and the carcass quality grade.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.769-782
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• 2005

Twenty four Holstein steers fed commercial concentrates with rice straw(T1), mixed grass hay(T2), or wet brewer’s grains based TMR ad libitum(T3) were used to investigate the effects of roughage feeding type during the growing and early-fattening periods on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. Growth performance and feed efficiency were investigated during the feeding trial conducted from 6 to 23 mo of age, and carcass characteristics were investigated after slaughter. Body weight at slaughter and daily gains were 751 to 802 kg(mean 782 kg) and 1.064 to 1.159 kg/d(mean 1.122 kg/d), respectively, showing that those for T2 were highest followed by T3. Compared with T1, the daily gain for T2 was improved by 8.9%. The TDN intakes per kg gain were 6.87, 7.17 and 7.15 kg for T1, T3 and T2, respectively, indicating that feed efficiency for T2 was improved(approx. 5%) compared with T1. The feeding treatments did not change dressing percentage(mean 60.8%), back fat thickness(6.68 mm) and rib-eye area(84.0$cm^2$). Neither meat quality characteristics nor physicochemical properties were significantly different among the treatments. However, economic analysis accounting for 882.8, 991.7 and 943.8 thousand won per head for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, indicated that T2 and T3 increased(7-12%) total net income compared with T1. Therefore, it may be concluded that high quality meat of Holstein steers can be produced if they are fattened until 23 mo of age and that feeding mixed grass hay as roughage or TMR containing mainly wet brewer's grains during the growing and early-fattening periods can improve growth performance compared with feeding rice straw.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.13-27
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• 2011

Objectives: This study aims to analyze recognition and problems of in Daegu local college students on sexual violence and figure out major factors to prevent sexual violence and to use as necessary basic resources for the improvement of individual and social recognition and effective sexual education. Methods: The Data from 255 students (85%) out of 300 excluding questionnaires with insufficient answers were under analysis using Excel Program and SPSS Win 17.0 for cross-tabulations and correlation analysis. Significance test were performed using $x^2$-test. Results: 1) As to recognition of sexual violence by gender, 88.2%(60) of male and 91.4%(171) of female students conceived the current sexual violence level is hazardous which shows female students had slightly higher recognition. 2) As to recognition of sexual education by gender, both conceived it for equipping proper value system of sex(55.9% of male & 61.5% of female student). 3) As to prevention and coping with sexual violence by gender, 58.8% of male students and 65.2% of female students answered that prevention is possible. 4) As to the correlation between sexual violence factors, it showed positive (+) correlation in the experience of sexual education and the recognition of sexual violence level, in the recognition of sexual violence level and the recognition of sexual violence responsible scope, and in the possibility of sexual violence prevention and the recognition of sexual crime prevention law. 5) As to the recognition and measurement by experience of sexual education, among those who answered the current sexual violence level was hazardous 91.8% had previous sexual education experience and 83.3% had no experience. 6) As to the recognition and measurement of sexual violence by experience of sexual violence (self-determination), those with sexual education experience (79.8%) had little experience in sexual violence than those with not (91.6%). 7) As to the recognition and measurement of sexual violence by the possibility of preventing sexual violence, it showed statistically significant difference in the reason of increase of sexual violence(p<0.01). Conclusions: Accordingly, to provide systematic and sustainable sexual education, individualized education considering gender, individual development rather than standardized group education in its teaching method is necessary, and follow-up evaluation and feed-back system should be implemented to assess achievement and recognition of sexual education.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.104-109
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• 2022

The bomb rack unit (BRU) installed inside the pylon serves to fix external attachments such as external fuel tank or external weapon, and also serves to separate external attachments in case of emergency. In particular, the load generated when the external attachment is separated from the BRU is called the punching load. In this study, we present the results of a structural static test performed to verify the structural integrity of the pylon under the BRU punching condition acting on it. In the structural static test report, we present the implementation method for the separation load of the external attachment and the test profile for the BRU punching load condition, and compared the error between the load input signal and the feed-back signal to determine the appropriateness of load control in each test. Furthermore, we compared the strain results obtained in the numerical analysis and structural test at the main positions of the specimen. As a result, it was shown that the load of the actuators were properly controlled within the allowable error range in each test, and the numerical analysis effectively predicted the test result. Finally, through structural static tests conducted by design limit load and design ultimate load, we verified that the aircraft pylon dealt with in this study has sufficient structural strength for external attachment separation condition.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.6-12
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• 2011

The fast growing of the number of users requires the development of reliable communication systems able to provide higher data rates. In order to meet those requirements, techniques such as Multiple Input Multiple Out (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) have been developed in the recent years. In order to combine the benefits of both techniques, the research activity is currently focused on MIMO-OFDM systems. In addition, for a fast wireless channel environment, the data rate and reliability can be optimized by setting the modulation and coding adaptively according to the channel conditions; and using sub-carrier frequency, and power allocation techniques. Depending on how accurate the feedback-based system obtain the channel state information (CSI) and feed it back to the transmitter without delay, the overall system performance would be poor or optimal. In this paper, we propose a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation algorithm where the preamble is known for both sides of the transciever. Through simulations made over several channel environments, we prove that our proposed SNR estimation algorithm is more accurate compared with the traditional SNR estimation.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.6-14
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• 2011

The fast growing of the number of users requires the development of reliable communication systems able to provide higher data rates. In order to meet those requirements, techniques such as Multiple Input Multiple Out (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division multiplexing (OFDM) have been developed in the recent years. In order to combine the benefits of both techniques, the research activity is currently focused on MIMO-OFDM systems. In addition, for a fast wireless channel environment, the data rate and reliability can be optimized by setting the modulation and coding adaptively according to the channel conditions; and using sub-carrier frequency, and power allocation techniques. Depending on how accurate the feedback-based system obtain the channel state information (CSI) and feed it back to the transmitter without delay, the overall system performance would be poor or optimal. In this paper, we propose a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) estimation algorithm where the preamble is known for both sides of the transciever. Through simulations made over several channel environments, we prove that our proposed SNR estimation algorithm is more accurate compared with the traditional SNR estimation. Also, We applied AMC on several channel environments using the parameters of IEEE 802.11n, and compared the Throughput performance when using each of the different SNR Estimation Algorithms. The results obtained in the simulation confirm that the proposed algorithm produces the highest Throughput performance.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.73-88
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• 2015

Due to the cases of recent global warming and unusual weather etc., large-scale natural disasters such as typhoons, floods, snow damage occur frequently across the continents such as Southeast Asia and North America, South America etc. and risks of earthquakes and tsunami are also increasing gradually in Korea which has been regarded as a safe zone and disaster types are also being diversified such as typhoons, floods, heat waves, heavy snow and damage scale is also enlarged. In addition, due to geographical characteristics or lack of infrastructure, disasters tended to occur intensively around a specific region or city in the past but disasters occur throughout the country in recent years so preparation for disaster prevention has emerged as an urgent challenge issue. Therefore, considering that the plan of obtaining the effective feedback function of disaster Information is very important in the proactive and software aspects for disaster reduction, this paper analyzed this three aspects of contents, procedural and contextual aspects and proposed the plan. First, in the content aspect, building disaster prevention information communication Infrastructure, building urban and regional disaster prevention system, obtaining concurrency and sharing of information and second, in the procedural aspect, active utilization of ICT(Information and Communication Technology) of the prevention stage, disaster prevention information collection and analysis reinforcement of the preparation stage, improvement of decision-making structure and field command system of the response stage, recovery system related information promotion of the recovery stage were proposed as alternatives and finally, in the contextual aspect, if disaster prevention information is effectively managed through maintenance of disaster prevention information related systems, obtaining domainality by disaster prevention work, improvement of the ability to judge the situation, obtaining comprehensive and feedback function etc, it is considered to significantly contribute to reducing natural disasters.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.320-331
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• 2013

The National Center for AgroMeteorology (NCAM) has designed a risk management solution for individual farms threatened by the climate change and variability. The new service produces weather risk indices tailored to the crop species and phenology by using site-specific weather forecasts and analysis derived from digital products of the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). If the risk is high enough to cause any damage to the crops, agrometeorological warnings or watches are delivered to the growers' cellular phones with relevant countermeasures to help protect their crops against the potential damage. Core techniques such as scaling down of weather data to individual farm level and the crop specific risk assessment for operational service were developed and integrated into a cloud based service system. The system was employed and implemented in a rural catchment of 50 $km^2$ with diverse agricultural activities and 230 volunteer farmers are participating in this project to get the user-specific weather information from and to feed their evaluations back to NCAM. The experience obtained through this project will be useful in planning and developing the nation-wide early warning service in agricultural sector exposed to the climate and weather extremes under climate change and climate variability.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.465-474
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• 2008

The amount of telomeric DNA was quantified across different breeds(Landrace, Duroc, Yorkshire and Berksire), at different ages(90 days old and 180 days old) and among sexes(male and female) in pigs raised at the Performance Testing Station of Korea Swine Association, Jinkyo, Korea. The telomeric DNA amount was quantified by Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization(Q-FISH) using a porcine telomeric DNA probe on interphase nuclei of lymphocytes. Analysis revealed that the amount of telomeric DNA on the pig lymphocytes was found to decrease with age. The quantity of telomeres significantly differed among breeds at 90 days of age. The colored breeds such as Berkshire and Duroc had higher amount of telomeric DNA than the Yorkshire and Landrace breed. In addition, the amount of telomeric DNA in male lymphocytes was significantly higher than that of females. In the correlation coefficients between the telomere quantity and their productive traits; average daily gain, loin percent and index value were positively correlated, whereas body length, feed efficiency and back fat thickness correlated negatively. However, the correlation coefficients were very low and not significant. Therefore, this study suggests that the amount of telomeres on lymphocytes can be considered as a physiological marker but not as a productive marker in pig.