• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.730-737
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• 1999

A national animal health monitoring system(NAHMS) in Gyeongnam area was started from 1997 to develop statistically valid data for use in estimating disease frequencies in dairy cattle, and the associated costs. The objectives of this study were to : (1) discribe what was done to implement and maintain the system in Gyeongnam ; (2) present selected disease frequencies ; (3) discuss the epidemiological consideration of what was done and implications for the results obtained. Veterinary Medical Officers(VMOs-professors and graduate students from Gyeongsang National University, Faculty of Gyeongnam Livestock Promotion Institute, and Clinic veterinarians) served as data collectors. After training on current disease and management problems of dairy cattle, interview techniques, sampling methods, and data collection instruments, the VMOs participated in selection of the sample herds and data gathering. Forty of 167 dairy herds were selected randomly and the VMOs visited farms once a month for 12 months to collect data about management, disease, inventory, production, preventive treatment, financial and any other relevant data. Strict data quality control devices were used. Specific feed-back was developed for the producers and data collectors. Of the three age groups studied, cows had the greatest number of disease problems. The six disorders found most frequently were (from the highest to the lowest) breeding problems, clinical mastitis, birth problems, gastrointestinal problems. metabolic problems, and lameness. In young stock, respiratory, multiple system, breeding problems, and gastrointestinal problems were pre dominant, whereas in calves, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and integumental problems were major.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.672-684
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• 2014

The exact causes of cell death in Parkinson's disease (PD) remain unknown despite extensive studies on PD.The identification of signaling and metabolic pathways involved in PD might provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying PD. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ($MPP^+$) induces cellular changes characteristic of PD, and $MPP^+$-based models have been extensively used for PD studies. In this study, pathways that were significantly perturbed in $MPP^+$-treated human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells were identified from genome-wide gene expression data for five time points (1.5, 3, 9, 12, and 24 h) after treatment. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein processing pathway showed significant perturbation at all time points. Perturbation of each of these pathways resulted in the common outcome of upregulation of DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3). Genes involved in ER protein processing pathway included ubiquitin ligase complex genes and ER-associated degradation (ERAD)-related genes. Additionally, overexpression of DDIT3 might induce oxidative stress via glutathione depletion as a result of overexpression of CHAC1. This study suggests that upregulation of DDIT3 caused by perturbation of the MAPK signaling pathway and ER protein processing pathway might play a key role in $MPP^+$-induced neuronal cell death. Moreover, the toxicity signal of $MPP^+$ resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction through inhibition of complex I of the electron transport chain might feed back to the mitochondria via ER stress. This positive feedback could contribute to amplification of the death signal induced by $MPP^+$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.153-163
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to compare the effect of visual feedback training using mirror and the training without mirror on the balance in people with hemiplegic paralysis. Methods: A total of 26 stroke patients were enrolled in this study. The participants were allocated randomly to 2 groups : visual feedback training group(n=13) and control group(n=13). Both groups received PNF(proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation) for 5 times(each 30 minutes) per week over 6 weeks period. The group, which is enrolled in visual feed back training, performed additional exercise in front of mirror for 30 minutes. The control group performed same exercise without mirror. The data was analyzed using a paired t-test and independent t-test to determine the statistical significance. Results: The visual feedback training group showed significantly increased foot pressure and total pressure compared to the control group(p<.05) and significantly decreased body sway compared to the control group (p<.05). Also, visual feedback training group showed significant increase on the Berg Balance Scale(BBS), Timed Up and Go test(TUG) compared to the control group(p<.05). Conclusion: These results support the perceived benefits of visual feedback training using mirror to augment the balance of stroke patients. Therefore, visual feedback training using mirror is feasible and suitable for stroke patients.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.143-171
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• 2006

There has been 10 years since the Health Promotion Act was legislated. The government began to establish a health promotion fund on the basis of Health Promotion Act in 1995, and to manage and operate the fund from 1998. It is evaluated that health promotion program have had various outcomes in many aspects. First, there has been growing awareness of the impotance of health promotion through the establishment of Health Plan 2010 and the effort to actualize the Plan. Second, the importance of securing health equity and identifying health determinants have been recognized during the planning process of Health Plan 2010. Third, the health promotion program have mainly focused on improving healthy life style of the population. As a result, desirable health behavior change of the population could be expected from the result of 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Fourth, public health centers began to play a crucial role in implementing health promotion programs, and began to build infrastructure for health promotion programs. Fifth, management efficiency of private health related organizations have been improved. Finally, training for health promotion personnel and their participation in the program could be the foundation for the higher level of outcome achievement from the health promotion programs. Important challenges for future health promotion would be identification of the determinants and risk factors of health, formulating plan of regional health promotion programs, building infrastructure for health promotion, creation of specific action model by public health center, development of health promotion program for the elderly, conducting research for evidence concerning major factors reducing the need for health care through prevention disease activities, and establishment of evaluation and feed back system for health promotion programs.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

AGV systems are widely used to increase the flexibility and the efficiency of the material handling systems. AGV systems are one of critical factors which determine the overall performance of the manufacturing systems. To this end, the optimal design for AGV systems is essential. Commercial simulation software is often used as an analysis tool during the design of AGV systems, however a series of procedures are desirable to simplify the analysis processes. In this paper, we present and develop the architecture for unidirectional AGV systems simulator which is able to consider approximate optimal unidirectional flow path and various operational parameters. The designed AGV systems simulator is based on JAVA, and it is developed to support designing approximate optimal unidirectional network by using Tabu search method. In addition, it enables users to design and evaluate AGV systems and to analyze alternative solutions easily. Simulation engine is consists of layout designer, AGV operation plan designer, and integrated AGVS layout designer. Users enter their system design/operation information into input window, then the entered information is automatically utilized for modeling and simulating AGV systems in simulation engine. By this series of procedures, users can get the feed back quickly.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.404-410
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• 2006

This study was done to analyze the contents of food and nutrition information sites on the internet. In analysis, 276 web sites were used. Web sites from 3 internet search engines(Yahoo, Empas, Naver) were selected on the date of July 15th, 2004. The trained panels evaluated web sites' contents by the assessment tools using 3-point scale(2:strongly agree, 1:agree, 0:disagree). The contents classified by topics were functional foods(46.4%), cuisine and cooking(38.4%), food sanitation and safety(30.4%) and so on. Operators of web sites were individual(35.9%), company(30.4%) and public institution(33.7%). About 89.5% of web sites were operated for unspecified people. Contents of the web sites were well established especially in consistency in title and contents(1.6), scientific basis of explanations(1.2) and benefit of information(1.2) and so on while not well established in providing relevant sites(0.7), providing contact address and feed back mechanism(0.7) and so on. Web sites operated by public institutions are rated significantly higher than web sites operated by individual or company. In conclusion, in order to qualitatively improve food and nutrition information on the internet, continuing monitoring and evaluation are highly required and web sites operated by public institutions shall be developed further.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2008

This work was performed to develop a model possible to predict the influent flow and influent components, which are one of main disturbances causing process problems at the operation of municipal wastewater treatment plant. In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) was used in order to develop a model that was able to predict the influent flow, $COD_{Mn}$, SS, TN 1 day-ahead, 2day-ahead and 3 day ahead. Multi-layer feed-forward back-propagation network was chosen as neural network type, and tanh-sigmoid function was used as activation function to transport signal at the neural network. And Levenberg-Marquart (LM) algorithm was used as learning algorithm to train neural network. Among 420 data sets except missing data, which were collected between 2005 and 2006 at field plant, 210 data sets were used for training, and other 210 data sets were used for validation. As result of it, ANN model for predicting the influent flow and components 1-3day ahead could be developed successfully. It is expected that this developed model can be practically used as follows: Detecting the fault related to effluent concentration that can be happened in the future by combining with other models to predict process performance in advance, and minimization of the process fault through the establishment of various control strategies based on the detection result.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.373-378
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• 2007

Based on observations that lactic acid bacteria have the ability to activate macrophages, we assessed the potential effects of eight different Lactobacillus strains treated with gastrointestinal enzymes on the production of nitric oxide and various cytokines in macrophages. RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells were cultured with either precipitates or supernatants of Lactobacillus strains digested with pepsin followed by pancreatin. The increased production of nitric oxide and interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, IL-12 and tumour necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$ were observed when cultured with precipitates, and this effect was largely strain-dependent. In contrast, the exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to supernatants produced weaker or nearly undetectable effects in comparison to the effects of exposure to precipitates. The induction of nitric oxide appeared to be unaffected. These results demonstrate that nitric oxide and cytokines were effectively induced when the bacterial precipitate was treated with macrophages. The results of the present study also indicate that Lactobacillus strains treated with digestive enzymes are capable of stimulating the production of nitric oxide and cytokines in macrophages, which may modulate the gastrointestinal immune function of the host when it is given as a feed additive.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2017

Transient behavior of fouling resistance was observed with a laboratory-scaled, submerged microfiltration membrane system treating high-turbidity source water consisting of inorganic silica particles and humic acid. Fouling mitigation efficiency with inorganic silica particles caused by aeration was reduced significantly as both humic acid and calcium ion existed together. Scanning electron microscopic observations showed that humic acid was adsorbed onto the surface of inorganic silica particles in the presence of calcium. Turbidity removal was achieved almost completely by submerged MF system regardless of feed compositions. However, the $UV_{254}$ removal of humic acid was improved in the presence of both calcium and inorganic silica particles. Additionally, increasing air-flow rate tended to increase $UV_{254}$ removal efficiency higher than 80%. This may be caused by back-transport of humic acid enhanced by inorganic silica particles providing surface for organic adsorption in the presence of calcium.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2005.09a
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• pp.153-195
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• 2005

There has been 10 years since The Health Promotion Act was legislated. The government began to establish a health promotion fund on the basis of Health Promotion Act in 1995, and to manage and operate the fund from 1998. It is evaluated that health promotion program have had various outcomes in many aspects. First, there has been growing awareness of the impotance of health promotion through the establishment of Health Plan 2010 and the effort to actualize the Plan. Second, the importance of securing health equity and identifying health determinants have been recognized during the planning process of Health Plan 2010. Third, the health promotion program have mainly focused on improving healthy life style of the population. As a result, desirable health behavior change of the population could be expected from the result of 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Fourth, public health centers began to play a crucial role in implementing health promotion programs, and began to build infrastructure for health promotion programs. Fifth, the outcomes of health promotion programs by public health centers and private health organizations have been increasing. Finally, training for health promotion personnel and their participation in the program could be the foundation for the higher level of outcome achievement from the health promotion programs. Important challenges for future health promotion would be identification of the determinants and risk factors of health in Korea, establishment of local health promotion plan, building infrastructure for health promotion, creation of specific action model by public health center, development of diverse health promotion programs and health promotion program for the elderly, conducting research for evidence concerning major factors reducing the need for health care through prevention disease activities, and establishment of evaluation and feed back system for health promotion programs.